#+TITLE:  General Emacs Configuration
#+AUTHOR: Howard X. Abrams
#+DATE:   2020-09-10

A literate programming file for configuring Emacs.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp :exports none
  ;;; ha-config --- Emacs configuration. -*- lexical-binding: t; -*-
  ;;
  ;; © 2020-2023 Howard X. Abrams
  ;;   Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  ;;   See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
  ;;
  ;; Author: Howard X. Abrams <http://gitlab.com/howardabrams>
  ;; Maintainer: Howard X. Abrams
  ;; Created: September 10, 2020
  ;;
  ;; This file is not part of GNU Emacs.
  ;;
  ;; *NB:* Do not edit this file. Instead, edit the original literate file at:
  ;;          ~/other/hamacs/ha-config.org
  ;;       Using `find-file-at-point', and tangle the file to recreate this one .
  ;;
  ;;; Code:
#+end_src
* Basic Configuration
I begin with configuration of Emacs that isn’t /package-specific/. For instance, I hate a fat-finger that stop Emacs:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq confirm-kill-emacs 'yes-or-no-p)
#+end_src

New way to display line-numbers. I set mine to =relative= so that I can jump up and down by that value. Set this to =nil= to turn off, or =t= to be absolute.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq display-line-numbers t
        display-line-numbers-type 'relative)
#+end_src

I like the rendering to curved quotes using [[help:text-quoting-style][text-quoting-style]], because it improves the readability of documentation strings in the =∗Help∗= buffer and whatnot.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq text-quoting-style 'curve)
#+end_src

Changes and settings I like introduced in Emacs 28:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq use-short-answers t
        describe-bindings-outline t
        completions-detailed t)
#+end_src

In Emacs version 28, we can hide commands in ~M-x~ which do not apply to the current mode.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq read-extended-command-predicate
        #'command-completion-default-include-p)
#+end_src

As [[https://tecosaur.github.io/emacs-config/config.html][tec wrote]], I want to use =~/.authsource.gpg= as I don’t want to accidentaly purge this file cleaning =~/.emacs.d=, and let's cache as much as possible, as my home machine is pretty safe, and my laptop is shutdown a lot. Also, as [[https://www.bytedude.com/gpg-in-emacs/][bytedude]] mentions, I need to se the =epa-pineentry-mode= to =loopback= to actually get a prompt for the password, instead of an error.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package epa-file
    :config
    (defvar epa-pinentry-mode)
    (setq epa-file-select-keys nil
          epa-pinentry-mode 'loopback
          auth-sources '("~/.authinfo.gpg")
          auth-source-cache-expiry nil))
#+end_src

Unicode ellispis are nicer than three dots:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq truncate-string-ellipsis "…")
#+end_src
More settings:

When I get an error, I need a stack trace to figure out the problem. Yeah, when I stop fiddling with Emacs, this should go off:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq debug-on-error t)
#+end_src

And some Mac-specific settings:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (when (ha-running-on-macos?)
    (setq mac-option-modifier 'meta
          mac-command-modifier 'super)
    (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(ns-transparent-titlebar . t))
    (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(ns-appearance . dark)))
#+end_src
* Support Packages
* Configuration Changes
** Initial Settings and UI
Let's turn off the menu and other settings:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (when (display-graphic-p)
    (tool-bar-mode -1)
    (scroll-bar-mode -1)
    (horizontal-scroll-bar-mode -1)
    (setq visible-bell 1
          frame-inhibit-implied-resize t))
#+end_src

I like being able to enable local variables in =.dir-local.el= files:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq enable-local-variables t)
#+end_src
** File Access
*** Remote Files
To speed up TRAMP access, let’s disabled lock files, you know, the ones that have the =#= surrounding characters:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq remote-file-name-inhibit-locks t)
#+end_src
What do I think about [[elisp:(describe-variable 'remote-file-name-inhibit-auto-save-visited)][remote-file-name-inhibit-auto-save-visited]]?

During remote access, TRAMP can slow down performing Git operations. Let’s turn that off as well:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun turn-off-vc-for-remote-files ()
    "Disable"
    (when (file-remote-p (buffer-file-name))
      (setq-local vc-handled-backends nil)))

  (add-hook 'find-file-hook 'turn-off-vc-for-remote-files)
#+end_src
*** Changes on Save
Always spaces and never tabs. Note that we use =setq-default= since [[elisp:(describe-variable 'indent-tabs-mode)][indent-tabs-mode]] is a /buffer-local/ variable, meaning using =setq=,  sets it for /that buffer file/. We want this globally the default:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq-default indent-tabs-mode nil)
#+end_src

When I push changes to my files to Gerrit and other code review, I don’t want trailing spaces or any tabs to appear, so let’s fix all files when I [[elisp:(describe-variable 'before-save-hook)][save them]]:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-cleanup-buffer-file ()
    "Cleanup a file, often done before a file save."
    (interactive)
    (ignore-errors
      (unless (or (equal major-mode 'makefile-mode)
                  (equal major-mode 'makefile-bsdmake-mode))
        (untabify (point-min) (point-max)))
      (delete-trailing-whitespace)))

  (add-hook 'before-save-hook #'ha-cleanup-buffer-file)
#+end_src
*** Recent Files
The [[https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RecentFiles][recentf]] feature has been in Emacs for a long time, but it has a problem with Tramp, as we need to turn off the cleanup feature that attempts to =stat= all the files and remove them from the =recent= accessed list if they are readable. The requires recentf to open up a remote files which blocks Emacs at the most inopportune times… like when trying to reboot the machine.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package recentf
    :straight (:type built-in)
    :config
    (setq recentf-auto-cleanup 'never) ;; disable before we start recentf!
    (recentf-mode 1))
#+end_src
*** File Backups
While I use git as much as I can, sometimes Emacs’ built-in file backup and versioning feature has saved me for files that aren’t.

As [[https://philjackson.github.io//emacs/backups/2022/01/31/keeping-backups-of-every-edited-file/][Phil Jackson]] mentioned, Emacs has a lot of variations to its file backup strategy, and either change the [[help:backup-directory-alist][backup-directory-alist]] to put individual file backups elsewhere, e.g.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq backup-directory-alist `(("." . ,(concat user-emacs-directory "backups"))))
#+end_src

Or leave them in the current directory, but create an alias so =ls= doesn’t display them, e.g.
#+begin_src sh
  alias ls="ls --color=auto --hide='*~'"
#+end_src

I'm leaving them side-by-side, but I am keeping some extra copies:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq create-lockfiles nil   ; Having .# files around ain't helpful
        auto-save-default t
        delete-old-versions t
        kept-new-versions 6
        kept-old-versions 2
        version-control t)
#+end_src
The [[help:version-control][version-control]] variable affect backups (not some sort of global VC setting), this makes numeric backups.
*** Auto Save of Files
Save the file whenever I move away from Emacs (see [[https://irreal.org/blog/?p=10314][this essay]]):
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun save-all-buffers ()
    "Saves all buffers, because, why not?"
    (interactive)
    (save-some-buffers t))

  (add-hook 'focus-out-hook 'save-all-buffers)
#+end_src
** Completing Read User Interface
After using Ivy, I am going the route of a =completing-read= interface that extends the original Emacs API, as opposed to implementing backend-engines or complete replacements.
*** Vertico
The [[https://github.com/minad/vertico][vertico]] package puts the completing read in a vertical format, and like [[https://github.com/raxod502/selectrum#vertico][Selectrum]], it extends Emacs’ built-in functionality, instead of adding a new process. This means all these projects work together.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package vertico
    :config (vertico-mode))
#+end_src
My issue with Vertico is when calling =find-file=, the Return key opens =dired=, instead of inserting the directory at point. This package addresses this:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package vertico-directory
    :straight (el-patch :files ("~/.emacs.d/straight/repos/vertico/extensions/vertico-directory.el"))
    ;; More convenient directory navigation commands
    :bind (:map vertico-map
                ("RET" . vertico-directory-enter)
                ; ("DEL" . vertico-directory-delete-word)
                ("M-RET" . minibuffer-force-complete-and-exit)
                ("M-TAB" . minibuffer-complete))
    ;; Tidy shadowed file names
    :hook (rfn-eshadow-update-overlay . vertico-directory-tidy))
#+end_src
*** Hotfuzz
This fuzzy completion style is like the built-in =flex= style, but has a better scoring algorithm, non-greedy and ranks completions that match at word; path component; or camelCase boundaries higher.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package hotfuzz)
#+end_src
While flexible at matching, you have to get the /order/ correct. For instance, ~alireg~ matches with [[help:align-regexp][align-regexp]], but ~regali~ does not, so we will use =hotfuzz= for scoring, and not use this as a completion-project (see the =fussy= project below).
*** Orderless
While the space can be use to separate words (acting a bit like a =.*= regular expression), the [[https://github.com/oantolin/orderless][orderless]] project allows those words to be in any order.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package orderless
    :commands (orderless-filter)
    :custom
    (completion-styles '(orderless basic))
    (completion-ignore-case t)
    (completion-category-defaults nil)
    (completion-category-overrides '((file (styles partial-completion)))))
#+end_src
*Note:* Open more than one file at once with =find-file= with a wildcard. We may also give the =initials= completion style a try.
*** Fussy Filtering and Matching
The [[https://github.com/jojojames/fussy][fussy]] project is a fuzzy pattern matching extension for the normal [[help:completing-read][completing-read]] interface. By default, it uses [[https://github.com/lewang/flx][flx]], but we can specify other sorting and filtering algorithms.

How does it compare? Once upon a time, I enjoyed typing ~plp~ for =package-list-packages=, and when I switched to [[https://github.com/oantolin/orderless][orderless]], I would need to put a space between the words. While I will continue to play with the different mechanism, I’ll combine =hotfuzz= and =orderless=.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package fussy
    :straight (:host github :repo "jojojames/fussy")
    :config
    (push 'fussy completion-styles)
    (setq completion-category-defaults nil
          completion-category-overrides nil
          fussy-filter-fn 'fussy-filter-orderless-flex
          fussy-score-fn 'fussy-hotfuzz-score))
#+end_src
*** Savehist
Persist history over Emacs restarts using the built-in [[https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/SaveHist][savehist]] project. Since both Vertico and Selectrum sorts by history position, this should make the choice /smarter/ with time.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package savehist
    :init
    (savehist-mode))
#+end_src
*** Marginalia
The [[https://github.com/minad/marginalia][marginalia]] package gives a preview of =M-x= functions with a one line description, extra information when selecting files, etc. Nice enhancement without learning any new keybindings.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  ;; Enable richer annotations using the Marginalia package
  (use-package marginalia
    :init
    (setq marginalia-annotators-heavy t)
    :config
    (marginalia-mode))
#+end_src
* Key Bindings
To begin my binding changes, let's turn on [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key][which-key]]:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package which-key
    :init   (setq which-key-popup-type 'minibuffer)
    :config (which-key-mode))
#+end_src
Why would I ever quit Emacs with a simple keybinding? Let’s override it:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (global-set-key (kbd "s-q") 'bury-buffer)
#+end_src
** Undo
I mean, I /always/ use ~C-/~ for [[help:undo][undo]] (and ~C-?~ for [[help:undo-redo][redo]]), but when I’m on the Mac, I need to cover my bases.

Why use [[https://gitlab.com/ideasman42/emacs-undo-fu][undo-fu]] instead of the built-in undo functionality? Well, there isn’t much to the project (that’s a good thing), but It basically doesn’t /cycle/ around the redo, which annoying.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package undo-fu
    :config
    (global-set-key [remap undo] 'undo-fu-only-undo)
    (global-set-key [remap undo-redo] 'undo-fu-only-redo)
    (global-unset-key (kbd "s-z"))
    (global-set-key (kbd "s-z")   'undo-fu-only-undo)
    (global-set-key (kbd "s-S-z") 'undo-fu-only-redo))
#+end_src
** Evil-Specific Keybindings
Can we change Evil at this point? Some tips:
 - [[https://github.com/noctuid/evil-guide][Evil Guide]]
 - [[https://nathantypanski.com/blog/2014-08-03-a-vim-like-emacs-config.html][A Vim-like Emacs Configuration from Nathan Typanski]]
 - [[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25542097/emacs-evil-mode-how-to-change-insert-state-to-emacs-state-automatically][Evil insert state is really Emacs?]] Real answer to that is to set [[help:evil-disable-insert-state-bindings][evil-disable-insert-state-bindings]]

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil
    :init
    (setq evil-undo-system 'undo-fu
          evil-auto-indent t
          evil-respect-visual-line-mode t
          evil-want-fine-undo t         ; Be more like Emacs
          evil-disable-insert-state-bindings t
          evil-want-keybinding nil
          evil-want-integration t
          evil-want-C-u-scroll nil
          evil-want-C-i-jump nil
          evil-escape-key-sequence "jk"
          evil-escape-unordered-key-sequence t))
#+end_src

The Escape key act like ~C-g~ and always go back to normal mode?
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil
    :config
    (global-set-key (kbd "<escape>") 'keyboard-escape-quit)
    (evil-mode))
#+end_src

Even with the [[Evil Collection]], some modes should be Emacs:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil
    :config
    (dolist (mode '(custom-mode
                    eshell-mode
                    git-rebase-mode
                    erc-mode
                    circe-server-mode
                    circe-chat-mode
                    circe-query-mode
                    vterm-mode))
      (add-to-list 'evil-emacs-state-modes mode)))
#+end_src

I’m not a long term VI user, and I generally like /easy keys/, e.g. ~w~, have larger jumps, and /harder keys/, e.g. ~W~ (shifted), have smaller, fine-grained jumps. So I am switching these around:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil
    :config
    (require 'evil-commands)
    (evil-define-key '(normal visual motion operator) 'global
      "w" 'evil-forward-WORD-begin
      "W" 'evil-forward-word-begin
      "e" 'evil-forward-WORD-end
      "E" 'evil-forward-word-end)

    ;; The `b' key seems to need its own configuration setting:
    (evil-define-key '(normal visual motion operator) 'global
      "b" 'evil-backward-WORD-begin)
    (evil-define-key '(normal visual motion operator) 'global
      "B" 'evil-backward-word-begin)
    ;; Note that evil-backward-word-end is on the `g e':

    ;; Not a long-term VI user, so let's Emacsify some other keybindings:
    (evil-define-key '(normal visual motion operator) 'global
      (kbd "C-b") 'scroll-up-command
      (kbd "C-f") 'scroll-down-command
      (kbd "C-p") 'previous-line
      (kbd "C-n") 'next-line
      ;; I have better window control:
      (kbd "C-w") 'sp-kill-region))
#+end_src
Testing:
  - =word-subword-subword=
  - =word_subword_subword=

This clever hack from [[https://manueluberti.eu//emacs/2022/10/16/back-last-edit/][Manuel Uberti]] got me finding these useful bindings:
  - ~g ;~ ::  [[help:goto-last-change][goto-last-change]]
  - ~g ,~ :: [[help:goto-last-change-reverse][goto-last-change-reverse]]

Keybindings I would like to use more:
  - ~*~ :: jumps to the next instance of the word under point
  - ~#~ :: jumps to the previous instance of the word under point

While I’m pretty good with the VIM keybindings, I would like to play around with the [[https://evil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/extension.html#text-objects][text objects]] and how it compares to others (including the surround), for instance:
  - ~diw~ :: deletes a word, but can be anywhere in it, while ~de~ deletes to the end of the word.
  - ~daw~ :: deletes a word, plus the surrounding space, but not punctuation.
  - ~xis~ :: changes a /sentence,/ and if ~i~ is ~a~, it gets rid of the surrounding whitespace as well. Probably ~das~ and ~cis~.
  - ~xip~ :: changes a /paragraph/.
  - ~xio~ :: changes a /symbol/, which can change for each mode, but works with =snake_case= and other larger-than-word variables.
  - Surrounding punctuation, like quotes, parenthesis, brackets, etc. also work, so ~ci)~ changes all the parameters to a function call, for instance
     - ~a”~ :: a double quoted string
     - ~i”~ :: inner double quoted string
     - ~a'~ :: a single quoted string
     - ~i'~ :: inner single quoted string
     - ~a`~ :: a back quoted string
     - ~i`~ :: inner back quoted string

*Note:* The ~x~ in the above examples are ~d~ for delete, ~v~ for select, ~y~ for copying and ~c~ for changing.

What text objects are known?
  - ~w~ :: word
  - ~s~ :: sentence
  - ~p~ :: paragraph
  - ~l~ :: lines, with the [[Evil Text Object Line][Text Object Line]] package
  - ~o~ :: symbol, like a variable
  - ~’~ :: a string, surround by quotes, also ~`~ for backticks
  - ~)~ :: parenthesis, also ~}~ and ~]~, see ~g~
  - ~x~ :: within a brace, paren, etc., with the [[Better Parenthesis with Text Object][my extensions below]], see ~b~ and ~f~ for similar functionality.
  - ~f~ :: a /defun/, or code block, see [[file:ha-programming.org::*Evil Text Object from Tree Sitter][definition here]].
  - ~i~ :: indention area, for YAML and Python, with the [[Text Objects based on Indentation][evil-indent-plus]] package
  - ~t~ :: an HTML tag
  - ~c~ :: for comments
  - ~u~ :: for URLs
  - ~a~ :: function arguments (probably a lot like symbol, ~o~) with the [[https://github.com/wcsmith/evil-args][evil-args]] extension (that I’m not bothering with)
*** Evil Text Object Line
Delete a line, ~d d~ is in basic VI. Since some commands use text objects, and the basic text object doesn’t include lines,  the [[https://github.com/emacsorphanage/evil-textobj-line][evil-textobj-line]] project adds that:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-textobj-line)
#+end_src
Now ~v i l~ and ~v a l~ works as you’d expect, but does this improve on ~S-v~?
*** Text Objects based on Indentation
The [[https://github.com/TheBB/evil-indent-plus][evil-indent-plus]] project creates text objects based on the indentation level, similar to how the ~b~ works with “blocks” of code.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-indent-plus)
#+end_src
This can be handy for Python, YAML, and lists in org files. Note that ~i~ works for the current indent, but ~k~ includes one line above and ~j~ includes one line above and below.
*** Arguments as Text Objects
The [[https://github.com/wcsmith/evil-args][evil-args]] projects creates text objects for symbols, but with trailing ~,~ or other syntax.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-args
    :config
    ;; bind evil-args text objects
    (define-key evil-inner-text-objects-map "a" 'evil-inner-arg)
    (define-key evil-outer-text-objects-map "a" 'evil-outer-arg)

    ;; bind evil-forward/backward-args
    (define-key evil-normal-state-map "L" 'evil-forward-arg)
    (define-key evil-normal-state-map "H" 'evil-backward-arg)
    (define-key evil-motion-state-map "L" 'evil-forward-arg)
    (define-key evil-motion-state-map "H" 'evil-backward-arg)

    ;; bind evil-jump-out-args
    (define-key evil-normal-state-map "K" 'evil-jump-out-args))
#+end_src
For a function, like this Python example, with the cursor on =b=:
#+begin_src python :tangle no
  def foobar(a, b, c):
    return a + b + c
#+end_src
Typing ~d a a~ will delete the argument leaving:
#+begin_src python :tangle no
  def foobar(a, c):
    return a + b + c
#+end_src
*** Better Parenthesis with Text Object
I took the following clever idea and code from [[http://blog.binchen.org/posts/code-faster-by-extending-emacs-evil-text-object/][this essay]] from Chen Bin for creating a ~xig~ to grab code within any grouping characters, like parens, braces and brackets. For instance, ~dig~ cuts the content inside brackets, etc. First, we need a function to do the work (I changed the original from =my-= to =ha-= so that it is easier for me to distinguish functions from my configuration):
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-evil-paren-range (count beg end type inclusive)
    "Get minimum range of paren text object.
  COUNT, BEG, END, TYPE is used.  If INCLUSIVE is t, the text object is inclusive."
    (let* ((parens '("()" "[]" "{}" "<>"))
           range
           found-range)
      (dolist (p parens)
        (condition-case nil
            (setq range (evil-select-paren (aref p 0) (aref p 1) beg end type count inclusive))
          (error nil))
        (when range
          (cond
           (found-range
            (when (< (- (nth 1 range) (nth 0 range))
                     (- (nth 1 found-range) (nth 0 found-range)))
              (setf (nth 0 found-range) (nth 0 range))
              (setf (nth 1 found-range) (nth 1 range))))
           (t
            (setq found-range range)))))
      found-range))
#+end_src

Extend the text object to call this function for both /inner/ and /outer/:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (evil-define-text-object ha-evil-a-paren (count &optional beg end type)
    "Select a paren."
    :extend-selection t
    (ha-evil-paren-range count beg end type t))

  (evil-define-text-object ha-evil-inner-paren (count &optional beg end type)
    "Select 'inner' paren."
    :extend-selection nil
    (ha-evil-paren-range count beg end type nil))
#+end_src

And the keybindings:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (define-key evil-inner-text-objects-map "x" #'ha-evil-inner-paren)
  (define-key evil-outer-text-objects-map "x" #'ha-evil-a-paren)
#+end_src
*** Text Object for Functions
While Emacs has the ability to recognize functions, the Evil text object does not. But text objects have both an /inner/ and /outer/ form, and what does that mean for a function? The /inner/ will be the /function itself/ and the /outer/ (like words) would be the surrounding /non-function/ stuff … in other words, the distance between the next functions.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-evil-defun-range (count beg end type inclusive)
    "Get minimum range of `defun` as a text object.
  COUNT, is the number of _following_ defuns to count. BEG, END,
  TYPE are not used. If INCLUSIVE is t, the text object is
  inclusive acquiring the areas between the surrounding defuns."
    (let ((start (save-excursion
                   (beginning-of-defun)
                   (when inclusive
                     (beginning-of-defun)
                     (end-of-defun))
                   (point)))
          (end (save-excursion
                 (end-of-defun count)
                 (when inclusive
                   (end-of-defun)
                   (beginning-of-defun))
                 (point))))
      (list start end)))
#+end_src

Extend the text object to call this function for both /inner/ and /outer/:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (evil-define-text-object ha-evil-a-defun (count &optional beg end type)
    "Select a defun and surrounding non-defun content."
    :extend-selection t
    (ha-evil-defun-range count beg end type t))

  (evil-define-text-object ha-evil-inner-defun (count &optional beg end type)
    "Select 'inner' (actual) defun."
    :extend-selection nil
    (ha-evil-defun-range count beg end type nil))
#+end_src

And the keybindings:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (define-key evil-inner-text-objects-map "d" #'ha-evil-inner-defun)
  (define-key evil-outer-text-objects-map "d" #'ha-evil-a-defun)
#+end_src
Why not use ~f~? I’m reserving the ~f~ for a tree-sitter version that is not always available for all modes… yet.
*** Key Chord
Using the key-chord project allows me to make Escape be on two key combo presses on both sides of my keyboard:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package key-chord
    :config
    (key-chord-mode t)
    (key-chord-define-global "fd" 'evil-normal-state)
    (key-chord-define-global "jk" 'evil-normal-state)
    (key-chord-define-global "JK" 'evil-normal-state))
#+end_src
** General Leader Key Sequences
The one thing that both Spacemacs and Doom taught me, is how much I like the /key sequences/ that begin with a leader key. In both of those systems, the key sequences begin in the /normal state/ with a space key. This means, while typing in /insert state/, I have to escape to /normal state/ and then hit the space.

I'm not trying an experiment where specially-placed function keys on my fancy ergodox keyboard can kick these off using [[https://github.com/noctuid/general.el][General Leader]] project. Essentially, I want a set of leader keys for Evil's /normal state/ as well as a global leader in all modes.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package general
    :config
    (setq general-use-package-emit-autoloads t)

    (general-evil-setup t)

    (general-create-definer ha-leader
      :states '(normal visual motion)
      :keymaps 'override
      :prefix "SPC"
      :non-normal-prefix "M-SPC"
      :global-prefix "<f13>")

    (general-create-definer ha-local-leader
      :states '(normal visual motion)
      :prefix ","
      :global-prefix "<f17>"
      :non-normal-prefix "S-SPC"))
#+end_src
*** Relabel the G Keys
Can’t remember all the shortcuts on the ~g~ key, and =which-key= displays the entire function, so let’s /re-add/ those keybindings, but with labels. The ~g~ is extemely convenient, yet I realize that I will never use some of the default keybindings (like ~g m~ to go to the middle of the line? Too imprecise). So I am also going to delete some of them.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil
    :general
    (:states '(normal visual motion operator)
             ;; These go into operator mode, so the key sequence, g U i o
             ;; upper cases the symbol at point:
             "g u" '("downcase" . evil-downcase)
             "g U" '("upcase" . evil-upcase)
             "g ~" '("invert case" . evil-invert-case)

             ;; Use this ALL the time:
             "g ;" '("last change" . evil-goto-last-change)
             "g d" '("goto def" . evil-goto-definition)
             "g i" '("resume insert" . evil-insert-resume)
             "g v" '("resume visual" . evil-visual-restore)

             "g g" '("goto first line" . evil-goto-first-line)
             "g f" '("find file" . find-file-at-point)

             "g e" '("← WORD end" . evil-backward-WORD-end) ; like b
             "g E" '("← word end" . evil-backward-word-end) ; like B
             "g w" '("→ WORD end" . evil-forward-WORD-end)
             "g W" '("→ word end" . evil-forward-word-end)

             ;; Not sure how to use these two as they need text objs
             "g n" '("next match" , evil-next-match)
             "g N" '("prev match" , evil-previous-match)

             "g P" '("paste after" . evil-paste-before-cursor-after)

             ;; Let's clean out keybindings already in normal mode
             ;; without the initial g:
             "g #" nil   ; evil-search-unbounded-word-backward
             "g *" nil   ; evil-search-unbounded-word-forward
             "g ^" nil   ; evil-first-non-blank
             "g $" nil   ; evil-end-of-line
             "g _" nil   ; evil-last-non-blank ... eh
             "g 0" nil   ; evil-beginning-of-line
             "g &" nil   ; evil-ex-repeat-global-substitute
             "g 8" nil   ; what-cursor-position
             "g F" nil   ; evil-find-file-at-point-with-line
             "g J" nil   ; evil-join-whitespace
             "g I" nil   ; evil-insert-0-line ... just use I
             "g m" nil   ; evil-middle-of-visual-line
             "g M" nil   ; evil-percentage-of-line ... middle?
             "g T" nil   ; tab-bar-switch-to-prev-tab
             "g t" nil   ; tab-bar-switch-to-next-tab

             "g j" nil   ; This will be a major-mode-specific keybinding
             "g k" nil

             (kbd "g C-]") nil
             (kbd "g <up>") nil
             (kbd "g <down>") nil
             (kbd "g <left>") nil
             (kbd "g <right>") nil
             (kbd "g <home>") nil
             (kbd "g <end>") nil))
#+end_src

While we are at it, let’s readd, and relabel the ~z~ command functions:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil
    :general
    (:states '(normal visual motion operator)
             "z q" '("fill para" . fill-paragraph)
             "z Q" '("unfill para" . unfill-paragraph)
             "z p" '("unfill para" . unfill-paragraph)

             "z m" '("scroll to center" . evil-scroll-line-to-center)
             "z t" '("scroll to top" . evil-scroll-line-to-top)
             "z b" '("scroll to bottom" . evil-scroll-line-to-bottom)
             (kbd "z <left>") '("scroll left" . evil-scroll-column-left)
             (kbd "z <right>") '("scroll right" . evil-scroll-column-right)

             "z a" '("toggle fold" . evil-toggle-fold)
             "z f" '("close fold" . evil-close-fold)
             "z o" '("open fold" . evil-open-fold)
             "z F" '("close all folds" . evil-close-folds)
             "z O" '("open all folds" . evil-open-folds)
             ;; Open a fold at point recursively? Never see a need:

             ;; Since I have overridden z-l, why have z-h?
             "z e" nil   ; evil-scroll-end-column
             "z h" nil   ; evil-scroll-column-left
             "z l" nil   ; evil-scroll-column-right
             "z r" nil
             "z s" nil   ; evil-scroll-start-column
             "z ^" nil   ; evil-scroll-top-line-to-bottom
             "z +" nil   ; evil-scroll-bottom-line-to-top
             "z -" nil   ; evil-scroll-line-to-bottom-first-non-blank
             "z ." nil   ; evil-scroll-line-to-center-first-non-blank
             (kbd "z RET") nil ; evil-scroll-line-to-top
             (kbd "z <return>") nil)) ; evil-scroll-line-to-top
#+end_src
*** Top-Level Operations
Let's try this general "space" prefix by defining some top-level operations, including hitting ~space~ twice to bring up the =M-x= collection of functions:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "SPC" '("M-x" . execute-extended-command)
    "."   '("repeat" . repeat)
    "!"   '("shell command" . shell-command)
    "|"   'piper
    "X"   '("org capture" . org-capture)
    "L"   '("store org link" . org-store-link)
    "RET" 'bookmark-jump
    "a"  '(:ignore t :which-key "apps")
    "o"  '(:ignore t :which-key "org/open")
    "o i" 'imenu
    "m"   '(:ignore t :which-key "mode")
    "u"   'universal-argument)
#+end_src
And ways to stop the system:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "q"  '(:ignore t :which-key "quit/session")
    "q b" '("bury buffer" . bury-buffer)
    "q w" '("close window" . delete-window)
    "q K" '("kill emacs (and dæmon)" . save-buffers-kill-emacs)
    "q q" '("quit emacs" . save-buffers-kill-terminal)
    "q Q" '("quit without saving" . evil-quit-all-with-error-code))
#+end_src
*** File Operations
While =find-file= is still my bread and butter,  I like getting information about the file associated with the buffer. For instance, the file path:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-relative-filepath (filepath)
    "Return the FILEPATH without the HOME directory and typical filing locations.
  The expectation is that this will return a filepath with the proejct name."
    (let* ((home-re (rx (literal (getenv "HOME")) "/"))
           (work-re (rx (regexp home-re)
                        (or "work" "other" "projects") ; Typical organization locations
                        "/"
                        (optional (or "4" "5" "xway") "/") ; Sub-organization locations
                        )))
      (cond
       ((string-match work-re filepath) (substring filepath (match-end 0)))
       ((string-match home-re filepath) (substring filepath (match-end 0)))
       (t filepath))))

  (defun ha-yank-buffer-path (&optional root)
    "Copy the file path of the buffer relative to my 'work' directory, ROOT."
    (interactive)
    (if-let (filename (buffer-file-name (buffer-base-buffer)))
        (message "Copied path to clipboard: %s"
                 (kill-new (abbreviate-file-name
                            (if root
                                (file-relative-name filename root)
                              (ha-relative-filepath filename)))))
      (error "Couldn't find filename in current buffer")))

  (defun ha-yank-project-buffer-path (&optional root)
    "Copy the file path of the buffer relative to the file's project.
  When given ROOT, this copies the filepath relative to that."
    (interactive)
    (if-let (filename (buffer-file-name (buffer-base-buffer)))
        (message "Copied path to clipboard: %s"
                 (kill-new
                  (f-relative filename (or root (projectile-project-root filename)))))
      (error "Couldn't find filename in current buffer")))
#+end_src

This simple function allows me to load a project-specific file in a numbered window, based on winum:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun find-file-in-window (win)
    "Change the buffer in a particular window number."
    (interactive)
    (if (windowp win)
        (aw-switch-to-window win)
      (winum-select-window-by-number win))
    (consult-projectile-find-file))
#+end_src

With these helper functions in place, I can create a leader collection for file-related functions:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "f"  '(:ignore t :which-key "files")
    "f a" '("load any" . find-file)
    "f f" '("load" . consult-projectile-find-file)
    "f F" '("load new window" . find-file-other-window)
    "f l" '("locate" . locate)
    "f s" '("save" . save-buffer)
    "f S" '("save as" . write-buffer)
    "f r" '("recent" . recentf-open-files)
    "f c" '("copy" . copy-file)
    "f R" '("rename" . rename-file)
    "f D" '("delete" . delete-file)
    "f y" '("yank path" . ha-yank-buffer-path)
    "f Y" '("yank path from project" . ha-yank-project-buffer-path)
    "f d" '("dired" . dirvish)

    "f 1" '("load win-1" . ha-find-file-window-1)
    "f 2" '("load win-2" . ha-find-file-window-2)
    "f 3" '("load win-3" . ha-find-file-window-3)
    "f 4" '("load win-4" . ha-find-file-window-4)
    "f 5" '("load win-5" . ha-find-file-window-5)
    "f 6" '("load win-6" . ha-find-file-window-6)
    "f 7" '("load win-7" . ha-find-file-window-7)
    "f 8" '("load win-8" . ha-find-file-window-8)
    "f 9" '("load win-9" . ha-find-file-window-9))
#+end_src

On Unix systems, the =locate= command is faster than =find= when searching the whole system, since it uses a pre-computed database, and =find= is faster if you need to search a specific directory instead of the whole system. On the Mac, we need to change the =locate= command:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (when (equal system-type 'darwin)
    (setq locate-command "mdfind"))
#+end_src

The advantage of =mdfind= is that is searches for filename /and/ its contents of your search string.

Trying the [[https://github.com/benmaughan/spotlight.el][spotlight]] project, as it has a slick interface for selecting files:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package spotlight
    :config (ha-leader "f /" '("search files" . spotlight)))
#+end_src
*** Buffer Operations
This section groups buffer-related operations under the "SPC b" sequence.

Putting the entire visible contents of the buffer on the clipboard is often useful:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-yank-buffer-contents ()
    "Copy narrowed contents of the buffer to the clipboard."
    (interactive)
    (kill-new (buffer-substring-no-properties
               (point-min) (point-max))))
#+end_src

This simple function allows me to switch to a buffer in a numbered window, based on winum:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun switch-buffer-in-window (win)
    "Change the buffer in a particular window number."
    (interactive)
    (if (windowp win)
        (aw-switch-to-window win)
      (winum-select-window-by-number win))
    (consult-project-buffer))
#+end_src

And the collection of useful operations:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "b"  '(:ignore t :which-key "buffers")
    "b B" '("switch" . persp-switch-to-buffer)
    "b o" '("switch" . switch-to-buffer-other-window)
    "b O" '("other" . projectile-switch-buffer-to-other-window)
    "b i" '("ibuffer" . ibuffer)
    "b I" '("ibuffer" . ibuffer-other-window)
    "b k" '("persp remove" . persp-remove-buffer)
    "b N" '("new" . evil-buffer-new)
    "b d" '("delete" . persp-kill-buffer*)
    "b r" '("revert" . revert-buffer)
    "b s" '("save" . save-buffer)
    "b S" '("save all" . evil-write-all)
    "b n" '("next" . next-buffer)
    "b p" '("previous" . previous-buffer)
    "b y" '("copy contents" . ha-yank-buffer-contents)
    "b z" '("bury" . bury-buffer)
    "b Z" '("unbury" . unbury-buffer)

    "b 1" '("load win-1" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 1)))
    "b 2" '("load win-2" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 2)))
    "b 3" '("load win-3" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 3)))
    "b 4" '("load win-4" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 4)))
    "b 5" '("load win-5" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 5)))
    "b 6" '("load win-6" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 6)))
    "b 7" '("load win-7" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 7)))
    "b 8" '("load win-8" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 8)))
    "b 9" '("load win-9" . (lambda () (interactive) (switch-buffer-in-window 9)))

    ;; And double up on the bookmarks:
    "b m" '("set bookmark" . bookmark-set)
    "b M" '("delete mark" . bookmark-delete))
#+end_src
*** Toggle Switches
The goal here is toggle switches and other miscellaneous settings.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "t"   '(:ignore t :which-key "toggles")
    "t a" '("abbrev"         . abbrev-mode)
    "t d" '("debug"          . toggle-debug-on-error)
    "t F" '("show functions" . which-function-mode)
    "t f" '("auto-fill"      . auto-fill-mode)
    "t l" '("line numbers"   . display-line-numbers-mode)
    "t R" '("read only"      . read-only-mode)
    "t t" '("truncate"       . toggle-truncate-lines)
    "t v" '("visual"         . visual-line-mode)
    "t w" '("whitespace"     . whitespace-mode))
#+end_src
**** Line Numbers
Since we can't automatically toggle between relative and absolute line numbers, we create this function:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-toggle-relative-line-numbers ()
    (interactive)
    (if (eq display-line-numbers 'relative)
        (setq display-line-numbers t)
      (setq display-line-numbers 'relative)))
#+end_src
Add it to the toggle menu:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "t r" '("relative lines" . ha-toggle-relative-line-numbers))
#+end_src
**** Narrowing
I like the focus the [[info:emacs#Narrowing][Narrowing features]] offer, but what a /dwim/ aspect:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-narrow-dwim ()
    "Narrow to region or org-tree or widen if already narrowed."
    (interactive)
    (cond
     ((buffer-narrowed-p) (widen))
     ((region-active-p)  (narrow-to-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
     ((and (fboundp 'logos-focus-mode)
           (seq-contains local-minor-modes 'logos-focus-mode 'eq))
      (logos-narrow-dwim))
     ((eq major-mode 'org-mode) (org-narrow-to-subtree))
     (t  (narrow-to-defun))))
#+end_src
And put it on the toggle menu:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader "t n" '("narrow" . ha-narrow-dwim))
#+end_src
*** Window Operations
While it comes with Emacs, I use [[https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/WinnerMode][winner-mode]] to undo window-related changes:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package winner
    :custom
    (winner-dont-bind-my-keys t)
    :config
    (winner-mode +1))
#+end_src
**** Ace Window
Use the [[https://github.com/abo-abo/ace-window][ace-window]] project to jump to any window you see.

Often transient buffers show in other windows, obscuring my carefully crafted display. Instead of jumping into a window, typing ~q~ (to either call [[help:quit-buffer][quit-buffer]]) if available, or [[help:bury-buffer][bury-buffer]] otherwise. This function hooks to =ace-window=
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-quit-buffer (window)
    "Quit or bury buffer in a given WINDOW."
    (interactive)
    (aw-switch-to-window window)
    (unwind-protect
        (condition-case nil
            (quit-buffer)
          (error
           (bury-buffer))))
    (aw-flip-window))
#+end_src

Since I use numbers for the window, I can make the commands more mnemonic, and add my own:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package ace-window
    :init
    (setq aw-dispatch-alist
          '((?d aw-delete-window "Delete Window")
            (?m aw-swap-window "Swap Windows")
            (?M aw-move-window "Move Window")
            (?c aw-copy-window "Copy Window")
            (?b switch-buffer-in-window "Select Buffer")
            (?f find-file-in-window "Find File")
            (?n aw-flip-window)
            (?c aw-split-window-fair "Split Fair Window")
            (?s aw-split-window-vert "Split Vert Window")
            (?v aw-split-window-horz "Split Horz Window")
            (?o delete-other-windows "Delete Other Windows")
            (?q ha-quit-buffer "Quit Buffer")
            (?w aw-execute-command-other-window "Execute Command")
            (?? aw-show-dispatch-help)))

    :bind ("s-w" . ace-window))
#+end_src
Keep in mind, these shortcuts work with more than two windows open. For instance, ~SPC w w d 3~ closes the "3" window.
**** Transpose Windows
My office at work has a monitor oriented vertically, and to move an Emacs with “three columned format” to a “stacked format” I use the [[https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/TransposeFrame][transpose-frame]] package:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package transpose-frame)
#+end_src
**** Winum
To jump to a window even quicker, use the [[https://github.com/deb0ch/emacs-winum][winum package]]:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package winum
    :bind (("s-1" . winum-select-window-1)
           ("s-2" . winum-select-window-2)
           ("s-3" . winum-select-window-3)
           ("s-4" . winum-select-window-4)
           ("s-5" . winum-select-window-5)
           ("s-6" . winum-select-window-6)
           ("s-7" . winum-select-window-7)
           ("s-8" . winum-select-window-8)
           ("s-9" . winum-select-window-9)))
#+end_src

This is nice since the window numbers are always present on a Doom modeline, but they sometime order the window numbers /differently/ than =ace-window=.

The ~0~ key/window should be always associated with a project-specific tree window of =dired= (or [[Dirvish][Dirvish]]):
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package winum
    :config
    (winum-mode +1)
    (add-to-list 'winum-assign-functions
                 (lambda () (when (eq major-mode 'dired-mode) 10))))
#+end_src

I’d like to have dirvish show in Window 0:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun dirvish-show-or-switch ()
    "As it says on the tin. Show or start Dirvish.
  If `divish' is showing, that is, is window 0 is showing,
  switch to it, otherwise, start 'er up."
    (interactive)
    (if (seq-contains (winum--available-numbers) 0)
        (winum-select-window-0-or-10)
      (dirvish-side (projectile-project-root))))
#+end_src

And let’s bind Command-0 to select the window that shows dirvish, or open drvish:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package winum
    :bind ("s-0" . dirvish-show-or-switch))
#+end_src
Let's try this out with a Hydra since some I can /repeat/ some commands (e.g. enlarge window). It also allows me to organize the helper text.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package hydra
    :config
    (defhydra hydra-window-resize (:color blue :hint nil) "
  _w_: select _m_: move/swap _u_: undo  _^_: taller (t)  _+_: text larger
  _j_: go up  _d_: delete    _U_: undo+ _v_: shorter (T) _-_: text smaller
  _k_: down   _e_: balance   _r_: redo  _>_: wider       _F_: font larger
  _h_: left   _n_: v-split   _R_: redo+ _<_: narrower    _f_: font smaller
  _l_: right  _s_: split   _o_: only this window     _c_: choose (also 1-9)"
      ("w" ace-window)
      ("c" other-window                 :color pink) ; change window
      ("o" delete-other-windows)          ; “Only” this window
      ("d" delete-window)     ("x" delete-window)

      ;; Ace Windows ... select the window to affect:
      ("m" ace-swap-window)
      ("D" ace-delete-window)
      ("O" ace-delete-other-windows)

      ("u" winner-undo)
      ("U" winner-undo                 :color pink)
      ("C-r" winner-redo)
      ("r" winner-redo)
      ("R" winner-redo                 :color pink)

      ("J" evil-window-down            :color pink)
      ("K" evil-window-up              :color pink)
      ("H" evil-window-left            :color pink)
      ("L" evil-window-right           :color pink)

      ("j" evil-window-down)
      ("k" evil-window-up)
      ("h" evil-window-left)
      ("l" evil-window-right)

      ("x" transpose-frame)
      ("s" hydra-window-split/body)
      ("n" hydra-window-split/body)

      ("F" font-size-increase          :color pink)
      ("f" font-size-decrease          :color pink)
      ("+" text-scale-increase         :color pink)
      ("=" text-scale-increase         :color pink)
      ("-" text-scale-decrease         :color pink)
      ("^" evil-window-increase-height :color pink)
      ("v" evil-window-decrease-height :color pink)
      ("t" evil-window-increase-height :color pink)
      ("T" evil-window-decrease-height :color pink)
      (">" evil-window-increase-width  :color pink)
      ("<" evil-window-decrease-width  :color pink)
      ("." evil-window-increase-width  :color pink)
      ("," evil-window-decrease-width  :color pink)
      ("e" balance-windows)

      ("1" winum-select-window-1)
      ("2" winum-select-window-2)
      ("3" winum-select-window-3)
      ("4" winum-select-window-4)
      ("5" winum-select-window-5)
      ("6" winum-select-window-6)
      ("7" winum-select-window-7)
      ("8" winum-select-window-8)
      ("9" winum-select-window-9)
      ("0" dirvish-dwim)

      ;; Extra bindings:
      ("q" nil :color blue)))

  (ha-leader "w" '("windows" . hydra-window-resize/body))
#+end_src
**** Window Splitting
When I split a window, I have a following intentions:
  - Split and open a file from the prespective/project in the new window
  - Split and change to a buffer from the prespective in the new window
  - Split and move focus to the new window … you know, to await a new command

And when creating new windows, why isn't the new window selected? Also, when I create a new window, I typically want a different buffer or file shown.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-new-window (side file-or-buffer)
    (pcase side
      (:left  (split-window-horizontally))
      (:right (split-window-horizontally)
              (other-window 1))
      (:above (split-window-vertically))
      (:below (split-window-vertically)
              (other-window 1)))
    (pcase file-or-buffer
      (:file   (call-interactively 'consult-projectile-find-file))
      (:buffer (call-interactively 'consult-projectile-switch-to-buffer))
      (:term   (ha-shell (projectile-project-root)))))
#+end_src

Shame that hydra doesn’t have an /ignore-case/ feature.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package hydra
    :config
    (defhydra hydra-window-split (:color blue :hint nil)
      ("s" hydra-window-split-below/body "below")
      ("j" hydra-window-split-below/body "below")
      ("k" hydra-window-split-above/body "above")
      ("h" hydra-window-split-left/body "left")
      ("l" hydra-window-split-right/body "right")
      ("n" hydra-window-split-right/body "right"))

    (defhydra hydra-window-split-above (:color blue :hint nil)
      ("b" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :above :buffer)) "switch buffer")
      ("f" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :above :file))   "load file")
      ("t" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :above :term))   "terminal")
      ("k" split-window-below                                  "split window"))

    (defhydra hydra-window-split-below (:color blue :hint nil)
      ("b" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :below :buffer))        "switch buffer")
      ("f" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :below :file))          "load file    ")
      ("t" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :below :term))          "terminal")
      ("j" (lambda () (interactive) (split-window-below) (other-window 1)) "split window ")
      ("s" (lambda () (interactive) (split-window-below) (other-window 1)) "split window "))

    (defhydra hydra-window-split-right (:color blue :hint nil)
      ("b" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :right :buffer))        "switch buffer")
      ("f" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :right :file))          "load file")
      ("t" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :right :term))          "terminal")
      ("l" (lambda () (interactive) (split-window-right) (other-window 1)) "split window ")
      ("n" (lambda () (interactive) (split-window-right) (other-window 1)) "split window "))

    (defhydra hydra-window-split-left (:color blue :hint nil)
      ("b" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :left :buffer))         "switch buffer")
      ("f" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :left :file))           "load file    ")
      ("t" (lambda () (interactive) (ha-new-window :left :term))           "terminal")
      ("h" split-window-right                                         "split window")))
#+end_src
This means that, without thinking, the following just works:
  - ~SPC w s s s~ :: creates a window directly below this.
  - ~SPC w n n n~ :: creates a window directly to the right.
But, more importantly, the prefix ~w s~ gives me more precision to view what I need.
*** Search Operations
Ways to search for information goes under the ~s~ key. The venerable sage has always been =grep=, but we now have new-comers, like [[https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep][ripgrep]], which are really fast.
**** ripgrep
Install the [[https://github.com/dajva/rg.el][rg]] package, which builds on the internal =grep= system, and creates a =*rg*= window with =compilation= mode, so ~C-j~ and ~C-k~ will move and show the results by loading those files.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package rg
    :config
    ;; Make an interesting Magit-like menu of options, which I don't use much:
    (rg-enable-default-bindings (kbd "M-R"))

    ;; Old habits die hard ...
    (define-key global-map [remap xref-find-references] 'rg-dwim)

    (ha-leader
      "s"  '(:ignore t :which-key "search")
      "s q" '("close" . ha-rg-close-results-buffer)
      "s r" '("dwim" . rg-dwim)
      "s s" '("search" . rg)
      "s S" '("literal" . rg-literal)
      "s p" '("project" . rg-project) ; or projectile-ripgrep
      "s d" '("directory" . rg-dwim-project-dir)
      "s f" '("file only" . rg-dwim-current-file)
      "s j" '("next results" . ha-rg-go-next-results)
      "s k" '("prev results" . ha-rg-go-previous-results)
      "s b" '("results buffer" . ha-rg-go-results-buffer))

    (defun ha-rg-close-results-buffer ()
      "Close to the `*rg*' buffer that `rg' creates."
      (interactive)
      (kill-buffer "*rg*"))

    (defun ha-rg-go-results-buffer ()
      "Pop to the `*rg*' buffer that `rg' creates."
      (interactive)
      (pop-to-buffer "*rg*"))

    (defun ha-rg-go-next-results ()
      "Bring the next file results into view."
      (interactive)
      (ha-rg-go-results-buffer)
      (next-error-no-select)
      (compile-goto-error))

    (defun ha-rg-go-previous-results ()
      "Bring the previous file results into view."
      (interactive)
      (ha-rg-go-results-buffer)
      (previous-error-no-select)
      (compile-goto-error)))
#+end_src
Note we bind the key ~M-R~ to the [[help:rg-menu][rg-menu]], which is a Magit-like interface to =ripgrep=.

I don’t understand the bug associated with the =:general= extension to =use-package=, but it /works/, but stops everything else from working, so pulling it out into its own =use-package= section addresses that issue:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package rg
    :general (:states 'normal "gS" 'rg-dwim))
#+end_src
**** wgrep
The [[https://github.com/mhayashi1120/Emacs-wgrep][wgrep package]] integrates with =ripgrep=. Typically, you hit ~i~ to automatically go into =wgrep-mode= and edit away, but since I typically want to edit everything at the same time, I have a toggle that should work as well:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package wgrep
    :after rg
    :commands wgrep-rg-setup
    :hook (rg-mode-hook . wgrep-rg-setup)
    :config
    (ha-leader
      :keymaps 'rg-mode-map  ; Actually, `i' works!
      "s w" '("wgrep-mode" . wgrep-change-to-wgrep-mode)
      "t w" '("wgrep-mode" . wgrep-change-to-wgrep-mode)))
#+end_src
*** Text Operations
Stealing much of this from Spacemacs.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "x"  '(:ignore t :which-key "text")
    "x a" '("align"            . align-regexp)
    "x q" '("fill paragraph"   . fill-paragraph)
    "x p" '("unfill paragraph" . unfill-paragraph))
#+end_src

Unfilling a paragraph joins all the lines in a paragraph into a single line. Taken [[http://www.emacswiki.org/UnfillParagraph][from here]] … I use this all the time:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun unfill-paragraph ()
    "Convert a multi-line paragraph into a single line of text."
    (interactive)
    (let ((fill-column (point-max)))
      (fill-paragraph nil)))
#+end_src
*** Help Operations
While the ~C-h~ is easy enough, I am now in the habit of typing ~SPC h~ instead.
Since I tweaked the help menu, I craft my own menu:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader
    "h"  '(:ignore t :which-key "help")
    "h ." '("cursor position"  . what-cursor-position)
    "h a" '("apropos"          . apropos-command)
    "h c" '("elisp cheatsheet" . shortdoc-display-group)
    "h e" '("errors"           . view-echo-area-messages)
    "h f" '("function"         . helpful-callable)
    "h F" '("font"             . describe-font)
    "h =" '("face"             . describe-face)
    "h k" '("key binding"      . helpful-key)
    "h K" '("key map"          . describe-keymap)
    "h m" '("mode"             . describe-mode)
    "h o" '("symbol"           . describe-symbol)
    "h p" '("package"          . describe-package)
    "h s" '("info symbol"      . info-lookup-symbol)
    "h v" '("variable"         . helpful-variable)
    "h i" '("info"             . info)
    "h I" '("info manual"      . info-display-manual)
    "h j" '("info jump"        . info-apropos)

    "h E" '("emacs info"       . (lambda () (interactive) (info "emacs")))
    "h L" '("emacs-lisp"       . (lambda () (interactive) (info "elisp")))
    "h O" '("org info"         . (lambda () (interactive) (info "org")))
    ;; Since I do a lot of literate programming, I appreciate a quick
    ;; jump directly into the Info manual...
    "h B" '("org babel"        . (lambda () (interactive)
                                   (org-info-open "org#Working with Source Code" nil))))
#+end_src

Remember these keys in the *Help* buffer:
  - ~s~ :: view source of the function
  - ~i~ :: view info manual of the function

Let's make Info behave a little more VI-like:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package info
    :straight (:type built-in)
    :general
    (:states 'normal :keymaps 'Info-mode-map
             "B" 'Info-bookmark-jump
             "Y" 'org-store-link
             "H" 'Info-history-back
             "L" 'Info-history-forward
             "u" 'Info-up
             "U" 'Info-directory
             "T" 'Info-top-node
             "p" 'Info-backward-node
             "n" 'Info-forward-node))    ; Old habit die hard
#+end_src
*** Consult
The [[https://github.com/minad/consult][consult project]] aims to use libraries like [[*Vertico][Vertico]] to enhance specific, built-in, Emacs functions. I appreciate this project that when selecting an element in the minibuffer, it displays what you are looking at… for instance, it previews a buffer before choosing it. Unlike /Vertico/ and /Orderless/, you need to bind keys to its special functions (or rebind existing keys that do something similar).
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package consult
    :after general
    ;; Enable automatic preview at point in the *Completions* buffer. This is
    ;; relevant when you use the default completion UI.
    :hook (completion-list-mode . consult-preview-at-point-mode)

    :init
    ;; Use Consult to select xref locations with preview
    (setq xref-show-xrefs-function #'consult-xref
          xref-show-definitions-function #'consult-xref)

    (ha-leader
      "RET" '("bookmark" . consult-bookmark)
      "o i" '("imenu" . consult-imenu)
      "x y" '("preview yank" . consult-yank-pop))

    :bind ("s-v" . consult-yank-pop)

    :general
    (:states 'normal
             "gp" '("preview paste" . 'consult-yank-pop)
             "gs" '("go to line" . 'consult-line)))
#+end_src
*** Consult for Projects
One of the reasons that Consult hasn’t been too important to me, is that I often narrow my searching based on projectile.  The [[https://gitlab.com/OlMon/consult-projectile][consult-projectile]] can help with this.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package consult-projectile
    :after consult general
    :straight (:host gitlab :repo "OlMon/consult-projectile" :branch "master")
    :config
    (ha-leader
      "p ." '("switch to..."     . consult-projectile)
      "b b" '("switch buffer"    . consult-projectile-switch-to-buffer)
      "p p" '("switch project"   . consult-projectile-switch-project)
      "p f" '("find file"        . consult-projectile-find-file)
      "p r" '("find recent file" . consult-projectile-recentf)))
#+end_src
The advantage of [[help:persp-switch-to-buffer][persp-switch-to-buffer]] over =consult-projectile-switch-to-buffer= is that is shows non-file buffers.
*** Embark
The [[https://github.com/oantolin/embark/][embark]] project offers /actions/ on /targets/. I'm primarily thinking of acting on selected items in the minibuffer, but these commands act anywhere.  I need an easy-to-use keybinding that doesn't conflict. Hey, that is what the Super key is for, right?
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package embark
    :bind
    (("s-;" . embark-act)               ; Work in minibuffer and elsewhere
     ("s-/" . embark-dwim))

    :init
    ;; Optionally replace the key help with a completing-read interface
    (setq prefix-help-command #'embark-prefix-help-command)

    :config
    (ha-leader "h K" '("keybindings" . embark-bindings)))
#+end_src

According to [[https://elpa.gnu.org/packages/embark-consult.html#orgc76b5de][this essay]], Embark cooperates well with the [[https://github.com/minad/marginalia][Marginalia]] and [[https://github.com/minad/consult][Consult]] packages. Neither of those packages is a dependency of Embark, but Embark supplies a hook for Consult where Consult previews can be done from Embark Collect buffers:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package embark-consult
    :after (embark consult)
    :demand t ; only necessary if you have the hook below
    ;; if you want to have consult previews as you move around an
    ;; auto-updating embark collect buffer
    :hook
    (embark-collect-mode . consult-preview-at-point-mode))
#+end_src

According to the [[https://elpa.gnu.org/packages/embark-consult.html][Embark-Consult page]]:
#+begin_quote
Users of the popular [[https://github.com/justbur/emacs-which-key][which-key]] package may prefer to use the =embark-which-key-indicator= from the [[https://github.com/oantolin/embark/wiki/Additional-Configuration#use-which-key-like-a-key-menu-prompt][Embark wiki]]. Just copy its definition from the wiki into your configuration and customize the =embark-indicators= user option to exclude the mixed and verbose indicators and to include =embark-which-key-indicator=.
#+end_quote
In other words, typing ~s-;~ to call Embark, specifies the options in a buffer, but the following code puts them in a smaller configuration directly above the selections.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun embark-which-key-indicator ()
    "An embark indicator that displays keymaps using which-key.
  The which-key help message will show the type and value of the
  current target followed by an ellipsis if there are further
  targets."
    (lambda (&optional keymap targets prefix)
      (if (null keymap)
          (which-key--hide-popup-ignore-command)
        (which-key--show-keymap
         (if (eq (plist-get (car targets) :type) 'embark-become)
             "Become"
           (format "Act on %s '%s'%s"
                   (plist-get (car targets) :type)
                   (embark--truncate-target (plist-get (car targets) :target))
                   (if (cdr targets) "…" "")))
         (if prefix
             (pcase (lookup-key keymap prefix 'accept-default)
               ((and (pred keymapp) km) km)
               (_ (key-binding prefix 'accept-default)))
           keymap)
         nil nil t (lambda (binding)
                     (not (string-suffix-p "-argument" (cdr binding))))))))

  (setq embark-indicators
        '(embark-which-key-indicator
          embark-highlight-indicator
          embark-isearch-highlight-indicator))

  (defun embark-hide-which-key-indicator (fn &rest args)
    "Hide the which-key indicator immediately when using the completing-read prompter."
    (which-key--hide-popup-ignore-command)
    (let ((embark-indicators
           (remq #'embark-which-key-indicator embark-indicators)))
      (apply fn args)))

  (advice-add #'embark-completing-read-prompter
              :around #'embark-hide-which-key-indicator)
#+end_src
** Evil Extensions
*** Evil Exchange
I often use the Emacs commands, ~M-t~ and whatnot to exchange words and whatnot, but this requires a drop out of normal state mode. The [[https://github.com/Dewdrops/evil-exchange][evil-exchange]] project attempts to do something similar, but in a VI-way, and the /objects/ do not need to be adjacent.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-exchange
    :init
    (setq evil-exchange-key (kbd "gx")
          evil-exchange-cancel-key (kbd "gX"))

    :general (:states 'normal
                      "g x" '("exchange" . 'evil-exchange)
                      "g X" '("cancel exchange" . 'evil-exchange-cancel)

                      ;; What about a "normal mode" binding to regular emacs transpose?
                      "z w" '("transpose words" . transpose-words)
                      "z x" '("transpose sexps" . transpose-sexps)
                      "z k" '("transpose lines" . transpose-lines))

    :config (evil-exchange-install))
#+end_src

Let’s explain how this works as the documentation assumes some previous knowledge. If you had a sentence:

       The ball was blue and the boy was red.

Move the point to the word, /red/, and type ~g x i w~ (anywhere since we are using the inner text object). Next, jump to the word /blue/, and type the sequence, ~g x i w~ again, and you have:

       The ball was blue and the boy was red.

The idea is that you can exchange anything. The ~g x~ marks something (like what we would normally do in /visual mode/), and then by marking something else with a ~g x~ sequence, it swaps them.

Notice that you can swap:
  - ~gx i w~ :: words, ~W~ words with dashes, or ~o~ for programming symbols (like variables)
  - ~gx i s~ :: sentences
  - ~gx i p~ :: paragraphs
  - ~gx i x~ :: programming s-expressions between parens, braces, etc.
  - ~gx i l~ :: lines, with the [[Evil Text Object Line][line-based text object]] project installed
*** Evil Lion
The [[https://github.com/edkolev/evil-lion][evil-lion]] package is a wrapper around Emacs’ [[help:align][align]] function. Just a little easier to use. Primary sequence is ~g a i p =~  to align along all the equal characters in the paragraph (block), or ~g a i b RET~ to use a built in rule to align (see below), or ~g a i b /~ to specify a regular expression, similar to [[help:align-regexp][align-regexp]].

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-lion
    :after evil
    :general
    (:states '(normal visual)
             "g a" '("lion ←" . evil-lion-left)
             "g A" '("lion →" . evil-lion-right)))
#+end_src
Lion sounds like /align/ … get it?

Where I like to align, is on variable assignments, e.g.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no
  (let ((foobar        "Something something")
        (a             42)
        (very-long-var "odd string"))
    ;;
    )
#+end_src

If you press ~RETURN~ for the /character/ to align, =evil-lion= package simply calls the built-in [[help:align][align]] function. This function chooses a regular expression based on a list of /rules/, and aligning Lisp variables requires a complicated regular expression. Extend [[elisp:(describe-variable 'align-rules-list)][align-rules-list]]:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package align
    :straight (:type built-in)
    :config
    (add-to-list 'align-rules-list
                 `("lisp-assignments"
                   (regexp . ,(rx (group (one-or-more space))
                                  (or
                                   (seq "\"" (zero-or-more any) "\"")
                                   (one-or-more (not space)))
                                  (one-or-more ")") (zero-or-more space) eol))
                   (group . 1)
                   (modes . align-lisp-modes))))
#+end_src
*** Evil Commentary
The [[https://github.com/linktohack/evil-commentary][evil-commentary]] is a VI-like way of commenting text. Yeah, I typically type ~M-;~ to call Emacs’ originally functionality, but in this case, ~g c c~ comments out a line(s), and ~g c~ comments text objects and whatnot. For instance, ~g c $~ comments to the end of the line.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-commentary
    :config (evil-commentary-mode)

    :general
    (:states '(normal visual motion operator)
             "g c" '("comments" . evil-commentary)
             "g y" '("yank comment" . evil-commentary-yank)))
#+end_src
*** Evil Collection
Dropping into Emacs state is better than pure Evil state for applications, however, [[https://github.com/emacs-evil/evil-collection][the evil-collection package]] creates a hybrid between the two, that I like.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-collection
    :after evil
    :config
    (evil-collection-init))
#+end_src

Do I want to specify the list of modes to change for =evil-collection-init=, e.g.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no :eval no
  '(eww magit dired notmuch term wdired)
#+end_src
*** Evil Owl
Not sure what is in a register? Have it show you when you hit ~”~ or ~@~ with [[https://github.com/mamapanda/evil-owl][evil-owl]]:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package posframe)

  (use-package evil-owl
    :after posframe
    :config
    (setq evil-owl-display-method 'posframe
          evil-owl-extra-posframe-args '(:width 50 :height 20 :background-color "#444")
          evil-owl-max-string-length 50)
    (evil-owl-mode))

#+end_src
*** Evil Snipe
Doom introduced me to [[https://github.com/hlissner/evil-snipe][evil-snipe]], like =f= and =t=, but with two characters, and can, when configured, search more than the current line.  My issue is that [[Evil Surround]] uses the same keybindings. Since surround doesn’t work in /normal/ and /visual/ states, we’ll bind snipe only for those:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-snipe
    :after evil
    :init
    (setq evil-snipe-scope 'visible)

    :general
    (:states '(normal visual)
             "s" 'evil-snipe-s
             "S" 'evil-snipe-S)
    :config
    (evil-snipe-mode +1))
#+end_src
It highlights all potential matches, use ~;~ to skip to the next match, and ~,~ to jump back.
*** Evil Surround
I like both [[https://github.com/emacs-evil/evil-surround][evil-surround]] and Henrik's [[https://github.com/hlissner/evil-snipe][evil-snipe]], but they both start with ~s~, and conflict, and getting them to work together means I have to remember when does ~s~ call sniper and when it calls surround. As an original Emacs person, I am not bound by that key history, but I do need them consistent, so I’m choosing the ~s~ to be /surround/.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package evil-surround
    :config
    (defun evil-surround-elisp ()
      (push '(?\` . ("`" . "'")) evil-surround-pairs-alist))
    (defun evil-surround-org ()
      (push '(?\" . ("“" . "”")) evil-surround-pairs-alist)
      (push '(?\' . ("‘" . "’")) evil-surround-pairs-alist)
      (push '(?b . ("*" . "*")) evil-surround-pairs-alist)
      (push '(?* . ("*" . "*")) evil-surround-pairs-alist)
      (push '(?i . ("/" . "/")) evil-surround-pairs-alist)
      (push '(?/ . ("/" . "/")) evil-surround-pairs-alist)
      (push '(?= . ("=" . "=")) evil-surround-pairs-alist)
      (push '(?~ . ("~" . "~")) evil-surround-pairs-alist))

    (global-evil-surround-mode 1)

    :hook
    (org-mode . evil-surround-org)
    (emacs-lisp-mode . evil-surround-elisp))
#+end_src
Notes:
  - ~cs'"~ :: to convert surrounding single quote string to double quotes.
  - ~ds"~ :: to delete the surrounding double quotes.
  - ~yse"~ :: puts single quotes around the next word.
  - ~ysiw'~ :: puts single quotes around the word, no matter the points position.
  - ~yS$<p>~ :: surrouds the line with HTML =<p>= tag (with extra carriage returns).
  - ~ysiw'~ :: puts single quotes around the word, no matter the points position.
  - ~(~ :: puts spaces /inside/ the surrounding parens, but ~)~ doesn't. Same with ~[~ and ~]~.
** Additional Global Packages
The following defines my use of the Emacs completion system. I’ve decided my /rules/ will be:
  - Nothing should automatically appear; that is annoying and distracting.
  - Spelling in org files (abbrev or hippie expander) and code completion are separate, but I’m not sure if I can split them
  - IDEs overuse the ~TAB~ binding, and I should re-think the bindings.

*** Auto Completion
I don’t find the Emacs completion system obvious, with different interfaces, some distinct, some connected. Here’s the summary as I understand:
#+begin_verse
   =indent-for-tab-command=, which /we can/ call:
     └─ =completion-at-point=, which calls:
                  └─ =completion-at-point-functions= (capf), which can call:
                                └─ hippie and dabbrev functions
#+end_verse

In =org-mode=, ~TAB~ calls [[help:org-cycle][org-cycle]], which, in the context of typing text, calls the binding for ~TAB~, which is the [[help:indent-for-tab-command][indent-for-tab-command]]. If the line is /indented/, I can complete the word:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq tab-always-indent 'complete
        tab-first-completion 'word-or-paren
        completion-cycle-threshold nil)
#+end_src
Note that no matter the setting for =tab-first-completion=, hitting ~TAB~ twice, results in completion.

This calls [[help:completion-at-point][completion-at-point]]. This code (from mini-buffer) doubles with the other [[Vertico][completing processes]] (like [[help:completing-read][completing-read]]) and presents choices based on a series of functions (see [[https://with-emacs.com/posts/tutorials/customize-completion-at-point/][this essay]] for details). This will call into the CAPF function list (see the variable, =completion-at-point-functions= and the [[file:ha-programming.org::*Cape][Cape]] section for details).
*** Hippie Expand
The venerable [[help:hippie-expand][hippie-expand]] function does a better job than the default, [[help:dabbrev-expand][dabbrev-expand]], so let’s swap it out (see this [[https://www.masteringemacs.org/article/text-expansion-hippie-expand][essay]] by Mickey Petersen) with its default key of ~M-/~ (easy to type on the laptop) as well as ~C-Tab~ (easier on mechanical keyboards):
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (global-set-key [remap dabbrev-expand] 'hippie-expand)
  (global-set-key (kbd "M-<tab>") 'completion-at-point)
#+end_src

Details on its job? We need to update its [[help:hippie-expand-try-functions-list][list of expanders]]. I don’t care much for [[help:try-expand-line][try-expand-line]], so that is not on the list.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq hippie-expand-try-functions-list
        '(try-complete-file-name-partially   ; complete filenames, start with /
          try-complete-file-name
          yas-hippie-try-expand              ; expand matching snippets
          try-expand-all-abbrevs
          try-expand-list                    ; help when args repeated another's args
          try-expand-dabbrev
          try-expand-dabbrev-all-buffers
          try-expand-whole-kill              ; grab text from the kill ring
          try-expand-dabbrev-from-kill       ; as above
          try-complete-lisp-symbol-partially
          try-complete-lisp-symbol))
#+end_src

In the shell, IDEs and other systems, the key binding is typically ~TAB~. In modes other than =org-mode=, ~TAB~ re-indents the line with [[help:indent-for-tab-command][indent-for-tab-command]], but I find that I want that feature when I’m in Evil’s =normal state= and hit the ~=~ key, so changing this sounds good. But why not /have both/?
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no
  (advice-add #'indent-for-tab-command :after #'hippie-expand)
#+end_src
*** Corfu
The default completion system either inserts the first option directly in the text (without cycling, so let’s hope it gets it right the first time), or presents choices in another buffer (who wants to hop to it to select an expansion).

After using  [[http://company-mode.github.io/][company]] for my completion back-end, I switch to [[https://github.com/minad/corfu][corfu]] as it works with the variable-spaced font of my org files (also see [[https://takeonrules.com/2022/01/17/switching-from-company-to-corfu-for-emacs-completion/][this essay]] for my initial motivation).
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package corfu
    :custom
    (corfu-cycle t)
    (corfu-separator ?\s)
    :init
    (global-corfu-mode))
#+end_src
* Yet Another Snippet System (YASnippets)
Using [[https://github.com/joaotavora/yasnippet][yasnippet]] to convert templates into text:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package yasnippet
    :config
    (add-to-list 'yas-snippet-dirs
                 (expand-file-name "snippets" user-emacs-directory))
    (yas-global-mode +1))
#+end_src
Check out [[http://joaotavora.github.io/yasnippet/][the documentation]] for writing them.

Since I have troubles installing Doom’s [[https://github.com/hlissner/doom-snippets][collection of snippets]], lets use the [[http://github.com/AndreaCrotti/yasnippet-snippets][yasnippet-snippets]] package:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package yasnippet-snippets)
#+end_src
*** Auto Insert Templates
The [[https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/AutoInsertMode][auto-insert]] feature is a wee bit complicated. All I want is to associate a filename regular expression with a YASnippet template. I'm stealing some ideas from Henrik Lissner's [[https://github.com/hlissner/doom-emacs/blob/develop/modules/editor/file-templates/autoload.el][set-file-template!]] macro, but simpler?
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package autoinsert
    :init
    (setq auto-insert-directory (expand-file-name "templates" user-emacs-directory))
    ;; Don't prompt before insertion:
    (setq auto-insert-query nil)

    (add-hook 'find-file-hook 'auto-insert)
    (auto-insert-mode t))
#+end_src
Since auto insertion requires entering data for particular fields, and for that Yasnippet is better, so in this case, we combine them:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-autoinsert-yas-expand()
    "Replace text in yasnippet template."
    (yas-expand-snippet (buffer-string) (point-min) (point-max)))
#+end_src

And since I'll be associating snippets with new files all over my configuration, let's make a helper function:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-auto-insert-file (filename-re snippet-name)
    "Autofill file buffer matching FILENAME-RE regular expression.
    The contents inserted from the YAS SNIPPET-NAME."
    ;; The define-auto-insert takes a regular expression and an ACTION:
    ;; ACTION may also be a vector containing successive single actions.
    (define-auto-insert filename-re
      (vector snippet-name 'ha-autoinsert-yas-expand)))
#+end_src

As an example of its use, any Org files loaded in /this project/ should insert my config file:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-auto-insert-file (rx "hamacs/" (one-or-more any) ".org" eol) "hamacs-config")
#+end_src
*** Visual Replace with Visual Regular Expressions
I appreciated the [[https://github.com/benma/visual-regexp.el][visual-regexp package]] to see what you want to change /before/ executing the replace.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package visual-regexp
    :bind (("C-c r" . vr/replace)
           ("C-c q" . vr/query-replace))
    :general (:states 'normal "g r" '("replace" . vr/replace))
    :config (ha-leader
              "r" '("replace" . vr/replace)
              "R" '("query replace" . vr/query-replace)))
#+end_src

*** Jump with Avy
While I grew up on =Control S=, I am liking the /mental model/ associated with the [[https://github.com/abo-abo/avy][avy project]] that allows a /jump/ among matches across all visible windows. I use the ~F18~ key on my keyboard that should be easy to use, but ~g o~ seems obvious.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package avy
    :init
    (setq avy-all-windows t
          avy-single-candidate-jump t
          avy-orders-alist
          '((avy-goto-char . avy-order-closest)
            (avy-goto-word-0 . avy-order-closest)))

    :config (ha-leader "j" '("jump" . avy-goto-char-timer))

    :general
    (:states 'normal "go" '("avy goto" . avy-goto-char-timer))

    :bind ("<f18>" . avy-goto-char-timer))
#+end_src
*Note:* The links should be shorter near the point as opposed to starting from the top of the window.

If you hit the following keys /before/ you select a target, you get a special action:
  - ~n~ :: copies the matching target word
*** Link Hint, the Link Jumper
The [[info:emacs#Goto Address mode][Goto Address]] mode (see this [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Goto-Address-mode.html][online link]]) turns URLs into clickable links. Nice feature and built into Emacs, but it requires using the mouse or moving to the URL and hitting ~Return~ (if you like this idea, check out [[https://xenodium.com/actionable-urls-in-emacs-buffers/][Álvaro Ramírez's configuration]] for this).

I appreciated [[https://github.com/abo-abo/ace-link][ace-link]]’s idea for hyperlinks on Org, EWW and Info pages, as it allowed you to jump to a URL from any location on the screen.  The [[https://github.com/noctuid/link-hint.el][link-hint]] project does this, but works with more types of files and links:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package link-hint
    :bind
    ("s-o" . link-hint-open-link)
    ("s-y" . link-hint-copy-link)
    :general
    (:states 'normal
             "gl" '("open link" . link-hint-open-link)
             "gL" '("open link→window" . link-hint-open-link-ace-window)
             "gm" '("copy link" . link-hint-copy-link))
    (:states 'normal :keymaps 'eww-mode-map
             "o" 'link-hint-open-link)
    (:states 'normal :keymaps 'Info-mode-map
             "o" 'link-hint-open-link))
#+end_src

Can I open a link in another window? The idea with this is that I can select a link, and with multiple windows open, I can specify where the =*eww*= window should show the link. If only two windows, then the new EWW buffer shows in the /other/ one.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun link-hint-open-link-ace-window ()
    (interactive)
    (link-hint-copy-link)
    (ace-select-window)
    (eww (current-kill 0)))
#+end_src
*** Expand Region
Magnar Sveen's [[https://github.com/magnars/expand-region.el][expand-region]] project allows me to hit ~v~ in =visual= mode, and have the selection grow by syntactical units.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package expand-region
    :bind ("C-=" . er/expand-region)

    :general
    ;; Use escape to get out of visual mode, but hitting v again expands the selection.
    (:states 'visual
             "v" 'er/expand-region
             "V" 'er/contract-region
             "-" 'er/contract-region))
#+end_src
* Working Layout
While editing any file on disk is easy enough, I like the mental context switch associated with a full-screen window frame showing all the buffers of a /project task/ (often a direct link to a repository project, but not always).
** Projects
While I don't /need/ all the features that [[https://github.com/bbatsov/projectile][projectile]] provides, it has all the features I do need, and is easy enough to install. I am referring to the fact that I /could/ use the built-in =project.el= system (see [[https://cestlaz.github.io/post/using-emacs-79-project/][this essay]] for details on what I mean as an alternative).

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package projectile
    :custom
    (projectile-sort-order 'recentf)
    (projectile-project-root-functions '(projectile-root-bottom-up))

    :config
    (ha-leader
      "p"  '(:ignore t :which-key "projects")
      "p W" '("initialize workspace" . ha-workspace-initialize)
      "p n" '("new project space" . ha-project-persp)
      "p !" '("run cmd in project root" . projectile-run-shell-command-in-root)
      "p &" '("async cmd in project root" . projectile-run-async-shell-command-in-root)
      "p a" '("add new project" . projectile-add-known-project)
      "p b" '("switch to project buffer" . projectile-switch-to-buffer)
      "p C" '("compile in project" . projectile-compile-project)
      "p c" '("recompile" . recompile)
      "p d" '("remove known project" . projectile-remove-known-project)
      "p e" '("edit project .dir-locals" . projectile-edit-dir-locals)
      "p f" '("find file in project" . projectile-find-file)
      "p g" '("configure project" . projectile-configure-project)
      "p i" '("invalidate project cache" . projectile-invalidate-cache)
      "p k" '("kill project buffers" . projectile-kill-buffers)
      "p o" '("find other file" . projectile-find-other-file)
      "p p" '("switch project" . projectile-switch-project)
      "p r" '("find recent project files" . projectile-recentf)
      "p R" '("run project" . projectile-run-project)
      "p S" '("save project files" . projectile-save-project-buffers)
      "p T" '("test project" . projectile-test-project)))
#+end_src
** Workspaces
A /workspace/ (at least to me) requires a quick jump to a collection of buffer windows organized around a project or task. For this, I'm basing my work on the [[https://github.com/nex3/perspective-el][perspective.el]] project.

I build a Hydra to dynamically list the current projects as well as select the project.
To do this, we need a way to generate a string of the perspectives in alphabetical order:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha--persp-label (num names)
    "Return string of numbered elements. NUM is the starting
  number and NAMES is a list of strings."
    (when names
      (concat
       (format "  %d: %s%s"    ; Shame that the following doesn't work:
               num             ; (propertize (number-to-string num) :foreground "#00a0")
               (car names)     ; Nor does surrounding the number with underbars.
               (if (equal (car names) (projectile-project-name)) "*" ""))
       (ha--persp-label (1+ num) (cdr names)))))

  (defun ha-persp-labels ()
    "Return a string of numbered elements from a list of names."
    (ha--persp-label 1 (sort (hash-table-keys (perspectives-hash)) 's-less?)))
#+end_src

Build the hydra as well as configure the =perspective= project.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package perspective
    :custom
    (persp-modestring-short t)
    (persp-show-modestring t)

    :config
    (setq persp-suppress-no-prefix-key-warning t)

    (persp-mode +1)

    (defhydra hydra-workspace-leader (:color blue :hint nil) "
    Workspaces- %s(ha-persp-labels)
    _n_: new project  _r_: rename    _a_: add buffer     _l_: load worksp
    _]_: next worksp  _d_: delete    _b_: goto buffer    _s_: save worksp
    _[_: previous     _W_: init all  _k_: remove buffer  _`_: to last worksp "
      ("TAB" persp-switch-quick)
      ("RET" persp-switch)
      ("`" persp-switch-last)
      ("1" (persp-switch-by-number 1))
      ("2" (persp-switch-by-number 2))
      ("3" (persp-switch-by-number 3))
      ("4" (persp-switch-by-number 4))
      ("5" (persp-switch-by-number 5))
      ("6" (persp-switch-by-number 6))
      ("7" (persp-switch-by-number 7))
      ("8" (persp-switch-by-number 8))
      ("9" (persp-switch-by-number 9))
      ("0" (persp-switch-by-number 0))
      ("n" ha-project-persp)
      ("N" ha-new-persp)
      ("]" persp-next :color pink)
      ("[" persp-prev :color pink)
      ("d" persp-kill)
      ("W" ha-workspace-initialize)
      ("a" persp-add-buffer)
      ("b" persp-switch-to-buffer)
      ("k" persp-remove-buffer)
      ("K" persp-kill-buffer)
      ("m" persp-merge)
      ("u" persp-unmerge)
      ("i" persp-import)
      ("r" persp-rename)
      ("s" persp-state-save)
      ("l" persp-state-load)
      ("w" ha-switch-to-special)  ; The most special perspective
      ("q" nil)
      ("C-g" nil)))
#+end_src

I have no idea why this binding doesn’t work /within/ the =use-package= declaration, but oh well…
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (ha-leader "TAB" '("workspaces" . hydra-workspace-leader/body))
#+end_src

The /special/ perspective is a nice shortcut to the one I use the most:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-switch-to-special ()
    "Change to the projects perspective."
    (interactive)
    (persp-switch "projects"))
#+end_src
*** Predefined Workspaces
Let's describe a list of startup project workspaces. This way, I don't need the clutter of the recent state, but also get back to a state of mental normality.
Granted, this list is essentially a list of projects that I'm currently developing, so I expect this to change often.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defvar ha-workspace-projects-personal nil "List of default projects with a name.")

  (add-to-list 'ha-workspace-projects-personal
               '("projects" "~/projects" ("breathe.org" "tasks.org")))
  (add-to-list 'ha-workspace-projects-personal
               '("personal" "~/personal" ("general.org")))
  (add-to-list 'ha-workspace-projects-personal
               '("technical" "~/technical" ("ansible.org")))
  (add-to-list 'ha-workspace-projects-personal
               '("hamacs" "~/other/hamacs" ("README.org" "ha-config.org")))
#+end_src

Given a list of information about project-workspaces, can we create them all?
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-persp-exists? (name)
    "Return non-nill if a perspective of NAME exists."
    (when (fboundp 'perspectives-hash)
      (seq-contains (hash-table-keys (perspectives-hash)) name)))

  (defun ha-workspace-initialize (&optional projects)
    "Precreate workspace projects from a PROJECTS list.
    Each entry in the list is a list containing:
      - name (as a string)
      - project root directory
      - a optional list of files to display"
    (interactive)
    (unless projects
      (setq projects ha-workspace-projects-personal))

    (dolist (project projects)
      (-let (((name root files) project))
        (unless (ha-persp-exists? name)
          (message "Creating workspace: %s (from %s)" name root)
          (ha-project-persp root name files))))
    (persp-switch "main"))
#+end_src
Often, but not always, I want a perspective based on an actual Git repository, e.g. a project. Projectile keeps state of a "project" based on the current file loaded, so we /combine/ the two projects by first choosing from a list of /known projects/ and then creating a perspective based on the name. To pin the perspective to a project, we load a file from it, e.g. Like a README or something.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-project-persp (project &optional name files)
    "Create a new perspective, and then switch to the PROJECT using projectile.
  If NAME is not given, then figure it out based on the name of the
  PROJECT. If FILES aren't specified, then see if there is a
  README. Otherwise, pull up Dired."
    (interactive (list (projectile-completing-read "Project: " projectile-known-projects)))
    (when (f-directory-p project)
      (unless name
        (setq name (f-filename project)))
      (persp-switch name)

      ;; Unclear if the following is actually necessary.
      (ignore-errors
        (projectile-add-known-project root)
        (let ((projectile-switch-project-action nil))
          (projectile-switch-project-by-name root)))

      ;; To pin a project in projectile to the perspective, we need to load a file
      ;; from that project. The README will do, or at least, the dired of it.
      (let ((recent-files (thread-last recentf-list
                                       (--filter (s-starts-with? project it))
                                       (-take 3)))
            (readme-org (f-join project "README.org"))
            (readme-md  (f-join project "README.md")))
        (cond
         (files                  (ha--project-show-files project files))
         (recent-files           (ha--project-show-files project recent-files))
         ((f-exists? readme-org) (find-file readme-org))
         ((f-exists? readme-md)  (find-file readme-md))
         (t                      (dirvish project))))))
#+end_src

When starting a new perspective, and I specify more than one file, this function splits the window horizontally for each file.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha--project-show-files (root files)
    "Display a list of FILES in a project ROOT directory.
  Each file gets its own window (so don't make the list of files
  long)."
    (when files
      (let ((default-directory root)
            (file (car files))
            (more (cdr files)))
        (message "Loading files from %s ... %s and %s" root file more)
        (when (f-exists? file)
          (find-file file))
        (when more
          (split-window-horizontally)
          (ha--project-show-files root more)))))
#+end_src

The =persp-switch= allows me to select or create a new project, but what if we insisted on a new workspace?
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-new-persp (name)
    (interactive "sNew Workspace: ")
    (persp-switch name)
    (cond
     ((s-ends-with? "mail" name) (notmuch))
     ((s-starts-with? "twit" name) (twit))))
#+end_src
Once we create the new perspective workspace, if it matches a particular name, I pretty much know what function I would like to call.
* Applications
Can we call these /applications/?
** Magit
Can not live without [[https://magit.vc/][Magit]], a Git porcelain for Emacs. I stole the bulk of this work from Doom Emacs.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package magit
    ;; See https://github.com/magit/magit/wiki/Emacsclient for why we need to set:
    :custom (with-editor-emacsclient-executable "/usr/local/bin/emacsclient")

    :config
    ;; The following code re-instates my General Leader key in Magit.
    (general-unbind magit-mode-map "SPC")

    (ha-leader
      "g" '(:ignore t :which-key "git")
      "g /" '("Magit dispatch"             . magit-dispatch)
      "g ." '("Magit file dispatch"        . magit-file-dispatch)
      "g b" '("Magit switch branch"        . magit-branch-checkout)
      "g u" '("Git Update"                 . vc-update)

      "g g" '("Magit status"               . magit-status)
      "g s" '("Magit status here"          . magit-status-here)
      "g D" '("Magit file delete"          . magit-file-delete)
      "g B" '("Magit blame"                . magit-blame-addition)
      "g C" '("Magit clone"                . magit-clone)
      "g F" '("Magit fetch"                . magit-fetch)
      "g L" '("Magit buffer log"           . magit-log-buffer-file)
      "g R" '("Revert file"                . magit-file-checkout)
      "g S" '("Git stage file"             . magit-stage-file)
      "g U" '("Git unstage file"           . magit-unstage-file)

      "g f" '(:ignore t :which-key "find")
      "g f f"  '("Find file"               . magit-find-file)
      "g f g"  '("Find gitconfig file"     . magit-find-git-config-file)
      "g f c"  '("Find commit"             . magit-show-commit)

      "g l" '(:ignore t :which-key "list")
      "g l r" '("List repositories"        . magit-list-repositories)
      "g l s" '("List submodules"          . magit-list-submodules)

      "g o" '(:ignore t :which-key "open")

      "g c" '(:ignore t :which-key "create")
      "g c R" '("Initialize repo"          . magit-init)
      "g c C" '("Clone repo"               . magit-clone)
      "g c c" '("Commit"                   . magit-commit-create)
      "g c f" '("Fixup"                    . magit-commit-fixup)
      "g c b" '("Branch"                   . magit-branch-and-checkout)))
#+end_src
*** Git Gutter
The [[https://github.com/syohex/emacs-git-gutter-fringe][git-gutter-fringe]] project displays markings in the fringe (extreme left margin) to show modified and uncommitted lines. This project builds on [[https://github.com/emacsorphanage/git-gutter][git-gutter]] project to provide movement between /hunks/:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package git-gutter-fringe
    :custom
    ;; To have both flymake and git-gutter work, we put
    ;; git-gutter on the right side:
    (git-gutter-fr:side 'right-fringe)
    (left-fringe-width 15)
    (right-fringe-width 10)

    :config
    (set-face-foreground 'git-gutter-fr:modified "yellow")
    (set-face-foreground 'git-gutter-fr:added    "green")
    (set-face-foreground 'git-gutter-fr:deleted  "red")

    (global-git-gutter-mode)

    (ha-leader
      "g n" '("next hunk"     . git-gutter:next-hunk)
      "g p" '("previous hunk" . git-gutter:previous-hunk)
      "g e" '("end of hunk"   . git-gutter:end-of-hunk)
      "g r" '("revert hunk"   . git-gutter:revert-hunk)
      "g s" '("stage hunk"    . git-gutter:stage-hunk)))
#+end_src
*** Git Delta
The [[https://scripter.co/using-git-delta-with-magit][magit-delta]] project uses [[https://github.com/dandavison/delta][git-delta]] for colorized diffs.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package magit-delta
    :ensure t
    :hook (magit-mode . magit-delta-mode))
#+end_src
I also need to append the following to my [[file:~/.gitconfig][~/.gitconfig]] file:
#+begin_src conf
  [delta]
  minus-style                   = normal "#8f0001"
  minus-non-emph-style          = normal "#8f0001"
  minus-emph-style              = normal bold "#d01011"
  minus-empty-line-marker-style = normal "#8f0001"
  zero-style                    = syntax
  plus-style                    = syntax "#006800"
  plus-non-emph-style           = syntax "#006800"
  plus-emph-style               = syntax "#009000"
  plus-empty-line-marker-style  = normal "#006800"
#+end_src
*** Git with Difftastic
I’m stealing the code for this section from [[https://tsdh.org/posts/2022-08-01-difftastic-diffing-with-magit.html][this essay]] by Tassilo Horn, and in fact, I’m going to lift a lot of his explanation too, as I may need to remind myself how this works. The idea is based on using Wilfred’s excellent [[https://github.com/Wilfred/difftastic][difftastic]] tool to do a structural/syntax comparison of code changes in git. To begin, install the binary:
#+begin_src sh
  brew install difftastic # and the equivalent on Linux
#+end_src
Next, we can do this, to use this as a diff tool for everything.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setenv "GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF" "difft")
#+end_src
But perhaps integrating it into Magit and selectively calling it (as it is slow). Tassilo suggests making the call to =difft= optional by first creating a helper function to set the =GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF= to =difft=:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun th/magit--with-difftastic (buffer command)
    "Run COMMAND with GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=difft then show result in BUFFER."
    (let ((process-environment
           (cons (concat "GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=difft --width="
                         (number-to-string (frame-width)))
                 process-environment)))
      ;; Clear the result buffer (we might regenerate a diff, e.g., for
      ;; the current changes in our working directory).
      (with-current-buffer buffer
        (setq buffer-read-only nil)
        (erase-buffer))
      ;; Now spawn a process calling the git COMMAND.
      (make-process
       :name (buffer-name buffer)
       :buffer buffer
       :command command
       ;; Don't query for running processes when emacs is quit.
       :noquery t
       ;; Show the result buffer once the process has finished.
       :sentinel (lambda (proc event)
                   (when (eq (process-status proc) 'exit)
                     (with-current-buffer (process-buffer proc)
                       (goto-char (point-min))
                       (ansi-color-apply-on-region (point-min) (point-max))
                       (setq buffer-read-only t)
                       (view-mode)
                       (end-of-line)
                       ;; difftastic diffs are usually 2-column side-by-side,
                       ;; so ensure our window is wide enough.
                       (let ((width (current-column)))
                         (while (zerop (forward-line 1))
                           (end-of-line)
                           (setq width (max (current-column) width)))
                         ;; Add column size of fringes
                         (setq width (+ width
                                        (fringe-columns 'left)
                                        (fringe-columns 'right)))
                         (goto-char (point-min))
                         (pop-to-buffer
                          (current-buffer)
                          `(;; If the buffer is that wide that splitting the frame in
                            ;; two side-by-side windows would result in less than
                            ;; 80 columns left, ensure it's shown at the bottom.
                            ,(when (> 80 (- (frame-width) width))
                               #'display-buffer-at-bottom)
                            (window-width . ,(min width (frame-width))))))))))))
#+end_src
The crucial parts of this helper function are that we "wash" the result using =ansi-color-apply-on-region= so that the function can transform the difftastic highlighting using shell escape codes to Emacs faces. Also, note the need to possibly change the width, as difftastic makes a side-by-side comparison.

The functions below depend on [[help:magit-thing-at-point][magit-thing-at-point]], and this depends on the [[https://sr.ht/~pkal/compat/][compat]] library, so let’s grab that stuff:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no
  (use-package compat
    :straight (:host github :repo "emacs-straight/compat"))

  (use-package magit-section
    :commands magit-thing-at-point)
#+end_src
Next, let's define our first command basically doing a =git show= for some revision which defaults to the commit or branch at point or queries the user if there's none.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun th/magit-show-with-difftastic (rev)
    "Show the result of \"git show REV\" with GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=difft."
    (interactive
     (list (or
            ;; Use if given the REV variable:
            (when (boundp 'rev) rev)
            ;; If not invoked with prefix arg, try to guess the REV from
            ;; point's position.
            (and (not current-prefix-arg)
                 (or (magit-thing-at-point 'git-revision t)
                     (magit-branch-or-commit-at-point)))
            ;; Otherwise, query the user.
            (magit-read-branch-or-commit "Revision"))))
    (if (not rev)
        (error "No revision specified")
      (th/magit--with-difftastic
       (get-buffer-create (concat "*git show difftastic " rev "*"))
       (list "git" "--no-pager" "show" "--ext-diff" rev))))
#+end_src
And here the second command which basically does a =git diff=. It tries to guess what one wants to diff, e.g., when point is on the Staged changes section in a magit buffer, it will run =git diff --cached= to show a diff of all staged changes. If it can not guess the context, it'll query the user for a range or commit for diffing.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun th/magit-diff-with-difftastic (arg)
    "Show the result of \"git diff ARG\" with GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=difft."
    (interactive
     (list (or
            ;; Use If RANGE is given, just use it.
            (when (boundp 'range) range)
            ;; If prefix arg is given, query the user.
            (and current-prefix-arg
                 (magit-diff-read-range-or-commit "Range"))
            ;; Otherwise, auto-guess based on position of point, e.g., based on
            ;; if we are in the Staged or Unstaged section.
            (pcase (magit-diff--dwim)
              ('unmerged (error "unmerged is not yet implemented"))
              ('unstaged nil)
              ('staged "--cached")
              (`(stash . ,value) (error "stash is not yet implemented"))
              (`(commit . ,value) (format "%s^..%s" value value))
              ((and range (pred stringp)) range)
              (_ (magit-diff-read-range-or-commit "Range/Commit"))))))
    (let ((name (concat "*git diff difftastic"
                        (if arg (concat " " arg) "")
                        "*")))
      (th/magit--with-difftastic
       (get-buffer-create name)
       `("git" "--no-pager" "diff" "--ext-diff" ,@(when arg (list arg))))))
#+end_src

What's left is integrating the new show and diff commands in Magit. For that purpose, Tasillo created a new transient prefix for all personal commands. Intriguing, but I have a hack that I can use on a leader:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defun ha-difftastic-here ()
    (interactive)
    (call-interactively
     (if (eq major-mode 'magit-log-mode)
         'th/magit-show-with-difftastic
       'th/magit-diff-with-difftastic)))

  (ha-leader "g d" '("difftastic" . ha-difftastic-here))
#+end_src
*** Time Machine
The [[https://github.com/emacsmirror/git-timemachine][git-timemachine]] project visually shows how a code file changes with each iteration:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package git-timemachine
    :config
    (ha-leader "g t" '("git timemachine" . git-timemachine)))
#+end_src
*** Gist
Using the [[https://github.com/emacsmirror/gist][gist package]] to write code snippets on [[https://gist.github.com/][Github]] seems like it can be useful, but I'm not sure how often.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no
  (use-package gist
    :config
    (ha-leader
      "g G" '(:ignore t :which-key "gists")
      "g l g" '("gists"          . gist-list)
      "g G l" '("list"           . gist-list)                     ; Lists your gists in a new buffer.
      "g G r" '("region"         . gist-region)                   ; Copies Gist URL into the kill ring.
      "g G R" '("private region" . gist-region-private)           ; Explicitly create a private gist.
      "g G b" '("buffer"         . gist-buffer)                   ; Copies Gist URL into the kill ring.
      "g G B" '("private buffer" . gist-buffer-private)           ; Explicitly create a private gist.
      "g c g" '("gist"           . gist-region-or-buffer)         ; Post either the current region, or buffer
      "g c G" '("private gist"   . gist-region-or-buffer-private))) ; create private gist from region or buffer
#+end_src

The gist project depends on the [[https://github.com/sigma/gh.el][gh library]]. There seems to be a problem with it.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no
  (use-package gh
    :straight (:host github :repo "sigma/gh.el"))
#+end_src

*** Forge
Let's extend Magit with [[https://github.com/magit/forge][Magit Forge]] for working with Github and Gitlab:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no
  (use-package forge
    :after magit
    :config
    (ha-leader
      "g '"   '("Forge dispatch"           . forge-dispatch)
      "g f i" '("Find issue"               . forge-visit-issue)
      "g f p" '("Find pull request"        . forge-visit-pullreq)

      "g l i" '("List issues"              . forge-list-issues)
      "g l p" '("List pull requests"       . forge-list-pullreqs)
      "g l n" '("List notifications"       . forge-list-notifications)

      "g o r" '("Browse remote"            . forge-browse-remote)
      "g o c" '("Browse commit"            . forge-browse-commit)
      "g o i" '("Browse an issue"          . forge-browse-issue)
      "g o p" '("Browse a pull request"    . forge-browse-pullreq)
      "g o i" '("Browse issues"            . forge-browse-issues)
      "g o P" '("Browse pull requests"     . forge-browse-pullreqs)

      "g c i" '("Issue"                    . forge-create-issue)
      "g c p" '("Pull request"             . forge-create-pullreq)))
#+end_src

Every /so often/, pop over to the following URLs and generate a new token where the *Note* is =forge=, and then copy that into the [[file:~/.authinfo.gpg][~/.authinfo.gpg]]:
  - [[https://gitlab.com/-/profile/personal_access_tokens][Gitlab]]
  - [[https://github.com/settings/tokens][Github]]
    and make sure this works:

  #+begin_src emacs-lisp :tangle no :results replace
    (ghub-request "GET" "/user" nil
                  :forge 'github
                  :host "api.github.com"
                  :username "howardabrams"
                  :auth 'forge)
  #+end_src
*** Pushing is Bad
Pushing directly to the upstream branch is /bad form/, as one should create a pull request, etc. To prevent an accidental push, we /double-check/ first:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (define-advice magit-push-current-to-upstream (:before (args) query-yes-or-no)
    "Prompt for confirmation before permitting a push to upstream."
    (when-let ((branch (magit-get-current-branch)))
      (unless (yes-or-no-p (format "Push %s branch upstream to %s? "
                                   branch
                                   (or (magit-get-upstream-branch branch)
                                       (magit-get "branch" branch "remote"))))
        (user-error "Push to upstream aborted by user"))))
#+end_src
** Web Browsing
*** EWW
Web pages look pretty good with EWW, but I'm having difficulty getting it to render a web search from DuckDuck.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package eww
    :init
    (setq browse-url-browser-function 'eww-browse-url
          browse-url-secondary-browser-function 'browse-url-default-browser
          eww-browse-url-new-window-is-tab nil
          shr-use-colors nil
          shr-use-fonts t     ; I go back and forth on this one
          ;; shr-discard-aria-hidden t
          shr-bullet "• "
          shr-inhibit-images nil  ; Gotta see the images?
          ;; shr-blocked-images '(svg)
          ;; shr-folding-mode nil
          url-privacy-level '(email))

    :config
    (ha-leader "a b" '("eww browser" . eww))

    :general
    (:states 'normal :keymaps 'eww-mode-map
             "B" 'eww-list-bookmarks
             "Y" 'eww-copy-page-url
             "H" 'eww-back-url
             "L" 'eww-forward-url
             "u" 'eww-top-url
             "p" 'eww-previous-url
             "n" 'eww-next-url
             "q" 'bury-buffer)
    (:states 'normal :keymaps 'eww-buffers-mode-map
             "q" 'bury-buffer))
#+end_src

This function allows Imenu to offer HTML headings in EWW buffers, helpful for navigating long, technical documents.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package eww
    :config
    (defun unpackaged/imenu-eww-headings ()
      "Return alist of HTML headings in current EWW buffer for Imenu.
  Suitable for `imenu-create-index-function'."
      (let ((faces '(shr-h1 shr-h2 shr-h3 shr-h4 shr-h5 shr-h6 shr-heading)))
        (save-excursion
          (save-restriction
            (widen)
            (goto-char (point-min))
            (cl-loop for next-pos = (next-single-property-change (point) 'face)
                     while next-pos
                     do (goto-char next-pos)
                     for face = (get-text-property (point) 'face)
                     when (cl-typecase face
                            (list (cl-intersection face faces))
                            (symbol (member face faces)))
                     collect (cons (buffer-substring (point-at-bol) (point-at-eol)) (point))
                     and do (forward-line 1))))))
    :hook (eww-mode .
                    (lambda ()
                      (setq-local imenu-create-index-function #'unpackaged/imenu-eww-headings))))
#+end_src
*** Get Pocket
The [[https://github.com/alphapapa/pocket-reader.el][pocket-reader]] project connects to the [[https://getpocket.com/en/][Get Pocket]] service.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package pocket-reader
    :init
    (setq org-web-tools-pandoc-sleep-time 1)
    :config
    (ha-leader "o p" '("get pocket" . pocket-reader))

    ;; Instead of jumping into Emacs mode to get the `pocket-mode-map',
    ;; we add the keybindings to the normal mode that makes sense.
    :general
    (:states 'normal :keymaps 'pocket-reader-mode-map
             "RET" 'pocket-reader-open-url
             "TAB" 'pocket-reader-pop-to-url

             "*" 'pocket-reader-toggle-favorite
             "B" 'pocket-reader-open-in-external-browser
             "D" 'pocket-reader-delete
             "E" 'pocket-reader-excerpt-all
             "F" 'pocket-reader-show-unread-favorites
             "M" 'pocket-reader-mark-all
             "R" 'pocket-reader-random-item
             "S" 'tabulated-list-sort
             "a" 'pocket-reader-toggle-archived
             "c" 'pocket-reader-copy-url
             "d" 'pocket-reader
             "e" 'pocket-reader-excerpt
             "f" 'pocket-reader-toggle-favorite
             "l" 'pocket-reader-limit
             "m" 'pocket-reader-toggle-mark
             "o" 'pocket-reader-more
             "q" 'quit-window
             "s" 'pocket-reader-search
             "u" 'pocket-reader-unmark-all
             "t a" 'pocket-reader-add-tags
             "t r" 'pocket-reader-remove-tags
             "t s" 'pocket-reader-tag-search
             "t t" 'pocket-reader-set-tags

             "g s" 'pocket-reader-resort
             "g r" 'pocket-reader-refresh))
#+end_src

Use these special keywords when searching:

  - =:*=, =:favorite= Return favorited items.
  - =:archive= Return archived items.
  - =:unread= Return unread items (default).
  - =:all= Return all items.
  - =:COUNT= Return at most /COUNT/ (a number) items. This limit persists until you start a new search.
  - =:t:TAG=, =t:TAG= Return items with /TAG/ (you can search for one tag at a time, a limitation of the Pocket API).
*** External Browsing
Browsing on a work laptop is a bit different. According to [[http://ergoemacs.org/emacs/emacs_set_default_browser.html][this page]], I can set a /default browser/ for different URLs, which is great, as I can launch my browser for personal browsing, or another browser for work access, or even EWW. To make this clear, I'm using the abstraction associated with [[https://github.com/rolandwalker/osx-browse][osx-browse]]:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package osx-browse
    :init
    (setq browse-url-handlers
          '(("docs\\.google\\.com" . osx-browse-url-personal)
            ("grafana.com"         . osx-browse-url-personal)
            ("dndbeyond.com"       . osx-browse-url-personal)
            ("tabletopaudio.com"   . osx-browse-url-personal)
            ("youtu.be"            . osx-browse-url-personal)
            ("youtube.com"         . osx-browse-url-personal)
            ("."                   . eww-browse-url)))

    :config
    (defun osx-browse-url-personal (url &optional new-window browser focus)
      "Open URL in Firefox for my personal surfing.
  The parameters, URL, NEW-WINDOW, and FOCUS are as documented in
  the function, `osx-browse-url'."
      (interactive (osx-browse-interactive-form))
      (cl-callf or browser "org.mozilla.Firefox")
      (osx-browse-url url new-window browser focus)))
#+end_src
** Dirvish
The [[https://github.com/alexluigit/dirvish][dirvish]] project aims to be a better =dired=. And since the =major-mode= is still =dired-mode=, the decades of finger memory isn’t lost. For people starting to use =dired=, most commands are pretty straight-forward (and Prot did a pretty good [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dlydii7tAU][introduction]] to it), but to remind myself, keep in mind:

  - ~%~ :: will /mark/ a bunch of files based on a regular expression
  - ~m~ :: marks a single file
  - ~d~ :: marks a file to delete, type ~x~ to follow-through on all files marked for deletion.
  - ~u~ :: un-mark a file, or type ~!~ to un-mark all
  - ~t~ :: to toggle the marked files. Keep files with =xyz= extension? Mark those with ~%~, and then ~t~ toggle.
  - ~C~ :: copy the current file or all marked files
  - ~R~ :: rename/move the current file or all marked files
  - ~M~ :: change the mode (=chmod=) of current or marked files, accepts symbols, like =a+x=

Note that =dired= has /two marks/ … one is a general mark, and the other is specifically a mark of files to delete.

Dirvish does require the following supporting programs, but I’ve already got those puppies installed:
#+begin_src sh
  brew install coreutils fd poppler ffmpegthumbnailer mediainfo imagemagick
#+end_src

I’m beginning with dirvish to use the [[https://github.com/alexluigit/dirvish/blob/main/docs/CUSTOMIZING.org][sample configuration]] and change it:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package dirvish
    :straight (:host github :repo "alexluigit/dirvish")
    :init
    (dirvish-override-dired-mode)

    :custom
    (dirvish-quick-access-entries
     '(("h" "~/"           "Home")
       ("p" "~/personal"   "Personal")
       ("p" "~/projects"   "Projects")
       ("t" "~/technical"  "Technical")
       ("w" "~/website"    "Website")
       ("d" "~/Downloads/" "Downloads")))

    :config
    ;; This setting is like `treemacs-follow-mode' where the buffer
    ;; changes based on the current file. Not sure if I want this:
    ;; (dirvish-side-follow-mode)

    (setq dirvish-mode-line-format
          '(:left (sort symlink) :right (omit yank index)))
    (setq dirvish-attributes
          '(all-the-icons file-time file-size collapse subtree-state vc-state git-msg))

    (setq delete-by-moving-to-trash t
          dired-auto-revert-buffer t)

    ;; With `ls' as an alias, and `gls' available on _some_ of my systems, I dont:
    ;;       (setq insert-directory-program "gls")
    ;; And instead use Emacs' built-in directory lister:
    (setq insert-directory-program nil)
    (setq ls-lisp-use-insert-directory-program nil)
    (require 'ls-lisp)
    (setq dired-listing-switches
          "-l --almost-all --human-readable --group-directories-first --no-group")

    (set-face-attribute 'dirvish-hl-line nil :background "darkmagenta"))
#+end_src
While in =dirvish-mode=, we can rebind some keys:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package dirvish
    :bind
    (:map dirvish-mode-map ; Dirvish inherits `dired-mode-map'
     ("a"   . dirvish-quick-access)
     ("f"   . dirvish-file-info-menu)
     ("y"   . dirvish-yank-menu)
     ("N"   . dirvish-narrow)
     ("^"   . dirvish-history-last)
     ("h"   . dirvish-history-jump) ; remapped `describe-mode'
     ("q"   . dirvish-quit)
     ("s"   . dirvish-quicksort)    ; remapped `dired-sort-toggle-or-edit'
     ("v"   . dirvish-vc-menu)      ; remapped `dired-view-file'
     ("TAB" . dirvish-subtree-toggle)
     ("M-f" . dirvish-history-go-forward)
     ("M-b" . dirvish-history-go-backward)
     ("M-l" . dirvish-ls-switches-menu)
     ("M-m" . dirvish-mark-menu)
     ("M-t" . dirvish-layout-toggle)
     ("M-s" . dirvish-setup-menu)
     ("M-e" . dirvish-emerge-menu)
     ("M-j" . dirvish-fd-jump)))
#+end_src
** ediff
Love me ediff, but with monitors that are wider than they are tall, let’s put the diffs side-by-side:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq ediff-split-window-function 'split-window-horizontally)
#+end_src
Frames, er, windows, are actually annoying for me, as Emacs is always in full-screen mode.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (setq ediff-window-setup-function 'ediff-setup-windows-plain)
#+end_src
When =ediff= is finished, it leaves the windows /borked/. This is annoying, but according to [[http://yummymelon.com/devnull/surprise-and-emacs-defaults.html][this essay]], we can fix it:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (defvar my-ediff-last-windows nil
    "Session for storing window configuration before calling `ediff'.")

  (defun my-store-pre-ediff-winconfig ()
    "Store `current-window-configuration' in variable `my-ediff-last-windows'."
    (setq my-ediff-last-windows (current-window-configuration)))

  (defun my-restore-pre-ediff-winconfig ()
    "Restore window configuration to stored value in `my-ediff-last-windows'."
    (set-window-configuration my-ediff-last-windows))

  (add-hook 'ediff-before-setup-hook #'my-store-pre-ediff-winconfig)
  (add-hook 'ediff-quit-hook #'my-restore-pre-ediff-winconfig)
#+end_src
** Annotations
Let's try [[https://github.com/bastibe/annotate.el][annotate-mode]], which allows you to drop "notes" and then move to them (yes, serious overlap with bookmarks, which we will return to).

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package annotate
    :config
    (ha-leader
      "t A" '("annotations" . annotate-mode)

      "n"   '(:ignore t :which-key "notes")
      "n a" '("toggle mode" . annotate-mode)
      "n n" '("annotate"    . annotate-annotate)
      "n d" '("delete"      . annotate-delete)
      "n s" '("summary"     . annotate-show-annotation-summary)
      "n j" '("next"        . annotate-goto-next-annotation)
      "n k" '("prev"        . annotate-goto-previous-annotation)

      ;; If a shift binding isn't set, it defaults to non-shift version
      ;; Use SPC N N to jump to the next error:
      "n N" '("next error"  . flycheck-next-error)))
#+end_src
Keep the annotations simple, almost /tag-like/, and then the summary allows you to display them.
** Keepass
Use the [[https://github.com/ifosch/keepass-mode][keepass-mode]] to view a /read-only/ version of my Keepass file in Emacs:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package keepass-mode)
#+end_src
When having your point on a key entry, you can copy fields to kill-ring using:
  - ~u~ :: URL
  - ~b~ :: user name
  - ~c~ :: password

** Demo It
Making demonstrations /within/ Emacs with my [[https://github.com/howardabrams/demo-it][demo-it]] project. While on MELPA, I want to use my own cloned version to make sure I can keep debugging it.
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package demo-it
    :straight (:local-repo "~/other/demo-it")
    ;; :straight (:host github :repo "howardabrams/demo-it")
    :commands (demo-it-create demo-it-start))
#+end_src
** PDF Viewing
Why not [[https://github.com/politza/pdf-tools][view PDF files]] better? To do this, first install the following on a Mac:
#+begin_src sh
  brew install poppler automake
#+end_src
Instead run [[help:pdf-tools-install][pdf-tools-install]], as this command will do the above for the system.

Let’s install the Emacs connection to the =pdfinfo= program:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (use-package pdf-tools
    :mode ("\\.pdf\\'" . pdf-view-mode)
    :init
    (setq pdf-info-epdfinfo-program "/usr/local/bin/epdfinfo")
    :general
    (:states 'normal :keymaps 'pdf-view-mode-map
             "gp" 'pdf-view-goto-page
             ">"  'doc-view-fit-window-to-page))
#+end_src

Make sure the [[help:pdf-info-check-epdfinfo][pdf-info-check-epdfinfo]] function works.
* Technical Artifacts :noexport:
Let's provide a name so we can =require= this file:
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :exports none
  (provide 'ha-config)
  ;;; ha-config.el ends here
#+end_src

Before you can build this on a new system, make sure that you put the cursor over any of these properties, and hit: ~C-c C-c~

#+DESCRIPTION: A literate programming file for configuring Emacs.

#+PROPERTY:    header-args:sh :tangle no
#+PROPERTY:    header-args:emacs-lisp :tangle yes
#+PROPERTY:    header-args   :results none   :eval no-export   :comments no

#+OPTIONS:     num:nil toc:nil todo:nil tasks:nil tags:nil date:nil
#+OPTIONS:     skip:nil author:nil email:nil creator:nil timestamp:nil
#+INFOJS_OPT:  view:nil toc:nil ltoc:t mouse:underline buttons:0 path:http://orgmode.org/org-info.js
